| Contact Tracking |
Identifies and monitors individuals that come into contact with an infected person within a specific duration of time. |
Bluetooth Low Energy technology, mobile phone applications, wearables, and IoT devices. |
Security and privacy issues, since individuals’ data are analyzed and stored in a centralized cloud system. |
| Quarantine and Self-Isolation |
In quarantine, individuals are requested to stay in a place (i.e., home or government facilities) for 14 days after being exposed to a COVID-19-infected person. In self-isolation, an infected person isolates within a house or other location to prevent contacting uninfected persons. |
AI, a global positioning system, cameras, and recorders. |
Breaches civil liberties, restricted access to essential services, and fails to track the individual who runs away from a quarantine facility without their device, like a mobile phone. |
| Automated Surveillance |
To identify and monitor individuals without facemasks, social distancing, and accidental touching in public gathering places. Detects symptoms, such as breathing difficulties, coughing, and fever, using self-tracking digital technologies. |
Facial recognition, digital thermometers, surveillance cameras, and thermal cameras. |
Security attacks, operational cost. |
| Clinical Data Management |
Used to diagnose infected individuals and provides the capacity for telemedicine services and virtual care, prediction of clinical outcomes, and monitoring of clinical status by clinicians. |
Picture archiving and communications system (PACS). |
Not cost efficient, privacy breaches may occur, failure in diagnosis. |
| Patient Information Sharing |
Patient health and medical information sharing could decrease the possibility of duplicate testing and avoid medication errors. Furthermore, sharing patient data among the global research community plays an essential role in coronavirus research by formulating powerful raw data sets. |
AI, web-based toolkits, and PACS. |
Satisfying Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliances, lack of anonymity, security, privacy, and data management issues. |
| Contactless Delivery |
During the lockdown, contactless delivery of essential supplies, such as medicine, food, and sanitizers, prevents direct interactions with people, since doorstep delivery might not be safe during a high transmission rate. |
Robots and drones. |
Security attacks, operational costs, and legal issues in the case of an accident. |
| Supply Chain Management |
Identify and secure logistics capacity based on the type of goods, such as medical equipment and vaccines/drugs or other pharmaceutical medicines. |
Mobile platforms, data analytics, cloud, and IoT. |
Procuring medical equipment, pharmaceutical medicines, and household essentials are difficult due to the surge in demand. |
| Disaster Relief and Insurance |
Financial organizations and governments have to help the public by providing unemployment insurance relief, loans to protect their business losses, and health insurance that covers treatment costs during the COVID-19 outbreak. |
Web-based toolkits and mobile applications. |
Time-consuming and ineffective due to paper-based procedures and centralized authority. |
