Figure 16.

(A) Schematic representation of synthesis protocol and structural model of Au@CDs and principle of the Au@CDs-based ECL cytosensor for CTCs detection [252]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V. (B) Schematic illustration of ECL biosensor for carbohydrate expression on cell surface based on ConA-modified Au-C₃N₄ [255]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic representation of fabrication of cathodic probe AuNPs@CNNS and anodic probe lectin@LuAuNPs, and dual-potential ratiometric ECL strategy for detection ofCTCs [256]. Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V. (D) Schematic representation of the Lu₂O₃-S nanosheets-based EL cytosensor [257]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V.