Table 1.

Analytical performances of various nanomaterials-based optical techniques for CTCs detection.

Detection Method	Type of Nanomaterials	Detection Limit (Cells/mL)	Linear Range (Cells/mL)	Ref.
Fluorescence	SiNPs	10	Not reported	[68]
	DAR NPs	44 for CCRFCEM; 79 for Ramos	1.5 × 104–7.5 × 104	[70]
	QDs	Not reported	40–1 × 105 cells	[72]
		390	1 × 102–5 × 105	[77]
	QDs-loaded SiNPs	201	250–1 × 104	[76]
	DNA-assisted Ag2S nanoassembly	Not reported	10–500	[82]
	CDs	5	10–1 × 104	[84]
	rGO	22	1 × 102–2 × 104	[89]
	GO	25	25–2.5 × 104	[90]
		25	50–1 × 105	[91]
Colorimetry	MoS2 NFs	2 for HeLa; 4 for MCF-7	5–1 × 104	[96]
		90	2 × 102–4 × 104	[97]
	Fe3O4 NPs-SiNPs	Not reported	0.25–4 × 106	[100]
	MNPs	13	50–5 × 104	[99]
	PtAu NPs	10	10–1 × 106	[95]
	Pd NPs/CMC-COF	100	1 × 102–1 × 106	[102]
	SWCNTs	3	10–500	[101]
Surface enhanced Raman scattering	AuNPs	<10	Not reported	[113]
		Not reported	5–500	[114]
		5	5–500	[115]
	AgNPR	5	5–100	[118]
	AuNFs	5	5–200	[119]
	Au-AgAu core-shell structure	Not reported	5 × 102–3 × 104	[117]
	Au@Ag NRs	1	1–100	[120]
	AuNPs	Not reported	3–500	[123]
Chemiluminescence	AuNPs	163 cells	0–2 × 103	[125]
		3	10–1 × 105	[127]
	CuS/DNA/Au/DNA/MNP	56	80–1 × 103	[128]
	RuNPs	62	1 × 102–1 × 103	[129]

Abbreviates: SiNPs, silica nanoparticles; DAR NPs, 1,3-phenylenediamine resin nanoparticles; QDs, quantum dots; CDs, carbon dots; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; GO, graphene oxide; MoS₂ NFs, molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes; MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose; COF, covalent organic framework; SWCNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; AgNPR, triangular silver nanoprisms; AuNFs, gold nanoflowers; Au@Ag NRs, gold-silver nanorods.