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. 2021 Aug 18;11(8):281. doi: 10.3390/bios11080281

Table 2.

Analytical performances of various nanomaterials-based electrochemical techniques for CTCs detection.

Detection Methods Type of Nanomaterials Detection Limit
(Cells/mL)		 Linear Range
(Cells/mL)		 Ref.
Electrochemistry
(direct detection)		 CNTs 10 10–1 × 105 [133]
10 10–1 × 106 [135]
90 2.7 × 102–2.7 × 107 [136]
500 5 × 102–5 × 106 [137]
GO 30 1 × 102–1 × 107 [140]
5 5–1 × 105 [141]
AuNPs 6 6–1 × 103 [143]
Non-spherical AuNPs 2 5–2 × 106 [142]
Au nanoisland 30 1 × 102–1 × 105 [147]
Ag@BSA microspheres 20 60–1.2 × 108 [144]
3D-structured microspheres assembled from CNSs and AuNPs 14 42–4.2 × 106 [151]
MnFePBA@AuNP 36 5 × 102–5 × 104 [152]
NiCoPBA 47 1 × 102–1 × 106 [270]
2D MoS2 0.43 1–1 × 105 [271]
TiO2 nanotubes@rGO 40 1 × 103–1 × 107 [272]
MOFs 90 1 × 102–1 × 106 [154]
19 1 × 102–1 × 105 [153]
COFs 61 5 × 102–1 × 105 [155]
Au NSs 5 5–1 × 105 [148]
Electrochemistry
(sandwich detection)		 AuNPs 30 1 × 102–1 × 107 [165]
1500 2 × 103–2 × 106 [167]
10 1 × 102–5 × 104 [169]
100 1 × 102–1 × 103 [174]
Porous PtFe alloys 38 1 × 102–5 × 107 [176]
Fe3O4 NPs@AuNPs 660 1 × 103–1 × 106 [168]
ZnO@Au-Pd 10 1.0×102–1.0×107 [170]
MOFs@AuNPs 5 1 × 102–1 × 107 [171]
MOFs 6 20–1 × 107 [173]
Pt NPs@HRP ICP@Tyr 2 2–2 × 104 [180]
Au@Ag NPs 6 1–5 × 105 [181]
Pt@Ag NFs 3 20–1 × 106 [182]
Polyhedral-AuPd NPs 20 50–1 × 107 [183]
Pd@Au NPs 30 1 × 102–2 × 106 [184]
Dendritic Au@PtPd NPs 31 1 × 102–2 × 107 [187]
Cu2O@PtPd nanocomposites 20 50–5 × 107 [188]
Fe3O4 bead@Ag-Pd nanocages 34 for MCF-7;
42 for T47D		 50–1 × 107 [193]
CuO NPs 27 50–7 × 103 [194]
CdS QDs 3.3×102 1 × 104–2 × 107 [198]
CdSe/ZnS QDs 2.0×103 5 × 103–5 × 105 [199]
CdTe QDs-labeled SiNSs 1.0×103 1 × 103–1 × 107 [202]
CdS QDs-decorated PS 3 10–1 × 107 [203]
QDs-coated SiNSs Not reported 5–1 × 106 for Hep3B; 10–1 × 106 for BGC [204]
Aptamer-DNA concatamer-QDs 50 1 × 102–1 × 106 [206]
Cd2+-functionalized TiP NSs 35 1 × 102–1 × 107 [200]
AgNPs 25 1 × 102–1 × 107 [207]
6 10–5 × 105 [210]
5 5–2.5 × 105 [211]
AuNPs and AuNP-enhanced silver deposition 10 1 × 102–1 × 106 [208]
Electrochemiluminescence Ru(II) markers-loaded SiNPs 78 1 × 102–2 × 103 [230]
Iridium complex-encapsulated SiNPs 100 1 × 102–1 × 106 [231]
Ru(bpy)2+-loaded Au cage 500 5 × 102–5 × 106 [236]
CdTe QDs 3.5×103 3 × 103–3.5 × 105 [241]
dendrimer/QDs nanoclusters 320 1.6 × 102–1.536 × 104 [243]
68 1 × 102–4 × 103 [244]
magnetic composite QDs 98 3 × 102–9 × 103 [246]
Au@CDs 34 1 × 102–1 × 104 [252]
CQDs-coated SiNPs 230 5 × 102–2 × 107 [253]
Au-C3N4 150 1 × 102–1 × 106 [255]
Lu2O3-S nanosheets 10 10–1 × 106 [257]
Photoelectrochemistry CdSe QDs 84 1.6 × 102–1.6 × 103 [263]
AuNPs/g-C3N4 10 20–2.0 × 105 [266]
HCNTs 17 1 × 102–1 × 105 [265]
CdS/ZnO hybrid nanorods 10 50–1 × 106 [264]
CPs 24 1 × 102–5 × 105 [258]

Abbreviates: CNTs, carbon nanotubes; GO, graphene oxide; GAM, graphene aerogel microspheres; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; BSA, bovine serum protein; CNSs, carbon nanospheres; MnFePBA, MnFe Prussian blue analogue; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; MOFs, metal organic frameworks; FA, folic acid; Au NSs, gold nanostars; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; ICP, infinite coordinate polymer; Tyr, tyramine; NFs, nanoflowers; QDs, quantum dots; SiNPs, silica nanospheres; PS, polystyrene microspheres; TiP NSs, titanium phosphate nanospheres; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; CDs, carbon dots; CQDs, carbon quantum dots; HCNTs, hexagonal carbon nitride tubes; CPs, conjugated polymers.