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. 2021 Aug 5;13(16):3960. doi: 10.3390/cancers13163960

Table 1.

Summary of the main roles of the TGF-β signaling pathway in GI tumors that are described in this review.

Role of TGF-β signaling in GI Tumors
Pancreatic Cancer
  • -

    Epithelial-mesenchymal transition [4,70,71]

  • -

    Migration [71]

  • -

    Invasion [71]

  • -

    Metastasis [70,71,72,73,74,75]

  • -

    Fibrosis [76]

  • -

    Angiogenesis [75]

  • -

    Chemoresistance [77,78]
Colorectal Cancer
  • -

    Malignant phenotype promotion [79,80]

  • -

    Evading growth suppression [81]

  • -

    Migration [82,83,84]

  • -

    Invasion [82,84,85]

  • -

    Metastasis [84,85]
Gastric Cancer
  • -

    Metastasis [86,87,88,89]

  • -

    Tumor growth suppression [90,91]

  • -

    Migration [89]

  • -

    Invasion [89]

  • -

    Angiogenesis [64]
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  • -

    Epithelial–mesenchymal transition [92,93]

  • -

    Migration [92,93]

  • -

    Angiogenesis [94]

  • -

    Chemoresistance [95]

  • -

    Apoptosis and growth suppression [96]

  • -

    Metastasis [97]

  • -

    Invasion [93]
Esophageal Cancer
  • -

    Epithelial–mesenchymal transition and migration [98,99]

  • -

    Migration [98,99]

  • -

    Invasion [99]

  • -

    Metastasis [100]