Table 1.
Demographics and clinical features of patients included in the analysis
| Features | All patients | COVID-19 patients with NNS | COVID-19 patients without NNS | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, n (%) | 10,881 (100.0) | 2008 (18.4) | 8873 (81.5) | – |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 52.0 (36.0–64.0) | 54.0 (38.0–65.0) | 52.0 (35.0–64.0) | < 0.001 |
| Frequencies of age groups, n (%) | ||||
| 60 years and above | 3834 (35.2) | 760 (37.8) | 3074 (34.6) | 0.007 |
| 19–59 years | 7047 (64.8) | 1248 (62.2) | 5799 (65.4) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 5099 (46.9) | 951 (47.4) | 4148 (46.7) | 0.609 |
| Male | 5780 (53.1) | 1056 (52.6) | 4724 (53.2) | |
| Nationality, n (%) | ||||
| Filipino | 10,789 (99.2) | 1996 (99.4) | 8793 (99.1) | 0.179 |
| Others | 92 (0.8) | 12 (0.6) | 80 (0.9) | |
| History of COVID-19 exposure, n (%) | ||||
| International travel | 323 (3.0) | 42 (2.1) | 281 (3.2) | < 0.001 |
| Community/domestic travel | 3894 (35.8) | 871 (43.4) | 3023 (34.1) | |
| Hospital | 1362 (12.5) | 266 (13.2) | 1096 (12.4) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 3647 (33.5) | 927 (46.2) | 2720 (30.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2191 (20.1) | 523 (26.0) | 1668 (18.8) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney disease | 611 (5.6) | 174 (8.7) | 437 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
| Bronchial asthma | 463 (4.2) | 105 (5.2) | 358 (4.0) | 0.017 |
| Coronary artery disease | 421 (3.9) | 100 (5.0) | 321 (3.6) | 0.004 |
| Malignancy | 244 (2.2) | 70 (3.5) | 174 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 156 (1.4) | 24 (1.2) | 132 (1.5) | 0.32 |
| Heart failure | 127 (1.2) | 44 (2.2) | 83 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 60 (0.6) | 17 (0.8) | 43 (0.5) | 0.048 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection | 37 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 28 (0.3) | 0.357 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 1026 (9.4) | 278 (13.8) | 748 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Healthcare worker, n (%) | 876 (8.0) | 235 (11.7) | 641 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Pregnant, n (%) | 323 (3.0) | 28 (1.4) | 295 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory and constitutional symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Cough | 4411 (40.5) | 995 (49.6) | 3416 (38.5) | < 0.001 |
| Fever | 3927 (36.1) | 886 (44.1) | 3041 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 2703 (24.8) | 613 (30.5) | 2090 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sore throat | 751 (6.9) | 211 (10.5) | 540 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Fatigue | 713 (6.6) | 220 (11.0) | 493 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sputum production | 637 (5.8) | 194 (9.7) | 443 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Rhinorrhea | 607 (5.6) | 200 (10.0) | 407 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 597 (5.5) | 163 (8.1) | 434 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
| Arthralgia | 175 (1.6) | 45 (2.2) | 130 (1.5) | 0.013 |
| Hemoptysis | 33 (0.3) | 6 (0.3) | 27 (0.3) | 0.968 |
| COVID-19 disease severity, n (%) | ||||
| Mild | 6690 (61.5) | 1114 (55.5) | 5576 (62.8) | < 0.001 |
| Severe | 2354 (21.6) | 413 (20.6) | 1941 (21.9) | |
| Critical | 1707 (15.7) | 468 (23.3) | 1239 (14.0) | |
| Treatment received, n (%) | ||||
| Systematic glucocorticoids | 2844 (26.1) | 743 (37.0) | 2101 (23.7) | < 0.001 |
| Remdesivir | 1344 (12.4) | 325 (16.2) | 1019 (11.5) | < 0.001 |
| Tocilizumab | 1029 (9.4) | 188 (9.4) | 841 (9.5) | 0.873 |
| Lopinavir–Ritonavir | 579. (5.3) | 99 (4.9) | 480 (5.4) | 0.387 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 529 (4.9) | 116 (5.8) | 413 (4.6) | 0.035 |
| Chloroquine | 358 (3.3) | 68 (3.4) | 290 (3.3) | 0.789 |
| Convalescent plasma | 263 (2.4) | 80 (4.0) | 183 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
NNS new-onset neurological symptom, IQR interquartile range
*Difference between NNS and non-NNS groups