Table 4.
Comparison of outcomes in COVID-19 patients with NNS vs. without NNS
| Outcomes | All COVD-19 patients | COVID-19 patients with NNS | COVID-19 patients without NNS | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality and associated causes | ||||
| Mortality, n (%) | 1702 (15.6) | 464 (23.1) | 1238 (14.0) | < 0.001† |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 749 (44.0) | 216 (10.8) | 533 (6.0) | < 0.001† |
| Septic shock | 699 (41.1) | 162 (8.1) | 537 (6.1) | 0.001† |
| Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome | 150 (8.8) | 23 (1.1) | 127 (1.4) | 0.321 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 138 (8.1) | 33 (1.6) | 105 (1.2) | 0.096 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 106 (6.2) | 19 (0.9) | 87 (1.0) | 0.888 |
| Brain herniation | 66 (3.9) | 43 (2.1) | 23 (0.3) | < 0.001† |
| Decompensated heart failure | 44 (2.6) | 9 (0.4) | 35 (0.4) | 0.732 |
| Respiratory failure and associated causes | ||||
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 1608 (14.8) | 514 (25.6) | 1094 (12.3) | < 0.001† |
| Pneumonia | 927 (57.6) | 324 (16.1) | 603 (6.8) | < 0.001† |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 868 (54.0) | 218 (10.9) | 650 (7.3) | < 0.001† |
| Shock | 147 (9.1) | 48 (2.4) | 99 (1.1) | < 0.001† |
| Central neurological cause | 89 (5.5) | 82 (4.1) | 7 (0.1) | < 0.001† |
| Pulmonary edema | 33 (2.0) | 16 (0.8) | 17 (0.2) | < 0.001† |
| Pulmonary embolism | 21 (1.3) | 2 (0.1) | 19 (0.2) | 0.404 |
| Peripheral neurological cause | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.02) | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0.185 |
| Duration of ventilator dependence | ||||
| Duration of ventilator dependence | ||||
| Sample, n | 1606 | 514 | 1092 | 0.612 |
| Median (IQR) | 13 (8–20) | 13 (8–20) | 13 (8–20) | |
| ICU admission and reasons for admission | ||||
| ICU admission, n (%) | 1740 (16.0) | 545 (27.1) | 1195 (13.5) | < 0.001† |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 956 (54.9) | 236 (11.8) | 720 (8.1) | < 0.001† |
| Shock | 180 (10.3) | 59 (2.9) | 121 (1.4) | < 0.001† |
| Impaired level of consciousness | 110 (6.3) | 85 (4.2) | 25 (0.3) | < 0.001† |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 80 (4.6) | 13 (0.6) | 67 (0.8) | 0.610 |
| Acute kidney injury necessitating dialysis | 75 (4.3) | 27 (1.3) | 48 (0.5) | < 0.001† |
| Treatment-related indication | 71 (4.1) | 28 (1.4) | 43 (0.5) | < 0.001† |
| Acute stroke | 57 (3.3) | 51 (2.5) | 6 (0.1) | < 0.001† |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 36 (2.1) | 6 (0.3) | 30 (0.3) | 0.782 |
| Post-cardiac arrest | 23 (1.3) | 5 (0.2) | 18 (0.2) | 0.599 |
| Cerebral edema | 18 (1.0) | 15 (0.7) | 3 (0.03) | < 0.001† |
| Venous thromboembolism | 13 (0.7) | 1 (0.05) | 12 (0.1) | 0.484 |
| Length ICU stay | ||||
| Length of ICU stay | ||||
| Sample, n | 1737 | 545 | 1192 | 0.887 |
| Median (IQR) | 15 (9.5–21) | 15 (10–21) | 15 (9–21) | |
| Length of hospital stay | ||||
| Length of hospital stay | ||||
| Sample, n | 10,881 | 2008 | 8873 | 0.002† |
| Median (IQR) | 13 (10–19) | 14 (10–19) | 13 (10–19) | |
ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, NNS new-onset neurological symptoms
*Difference between NNS and non-NNS groups
†Statistically significant (i.e., alpha set at 0.5)