Table 3.
Mast cell extracellular traps in host defense and disease.
| Cell | Mechanism of ETs Formation | Stimulus/Models | Biological Effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protective | Deleterious | |||
| Mast cell and Bacteria | ROS-dependent [33,167,169,177] Suicidal MCETs [33,166] Not described, probably suicidal because DNA released was linked to dead cell staining or nuclear changes were observed [165,167,177] Not described [33,169,170,171,172] Suicidal and vital MCETs, ROS-independent [168] |
In vitro HMC1 and BMMC lines + S. pyogenes/S. aureus/P. aeruginosa [33] HMC1 + GAS/Purified M1 GAS protein/L. lactis [170] HMC1 and BMMC lines + S.aureus [165,167] HMC-1 and BMMC lines + E. faecalis [172] HMC1 line + L. monocytogenes [177] HMC-1 and BMMC lines + Mtb (viable and HK-Mtb)/S.aureus [169] HMC-1 and BMMC lines + GAS/L.lactis/S.aureus [171] HMC-1 + S.aureus [166] HMC-1 + L.monocytogenes/E. coli/S.aureus/S. pneumoniae [168] |
Antimicrobial effect [33,165,167,168,171,172,177] | M1 GAS protein contributes to GAS survival—invasive forms of infection [170] Mtb inhibit MCET formation—bacteria survival [169] Capture, phagocytosis, maintenance of infection [166] |
| Mast cell and Fungi | Not described, probably suicidal, but dead MC numbers were higher than MCETs observed [173] | In vitro HMC1 + C. albicans [173] |
Physical restraint only [173] | |
| Mast cell and Protozoa | Suicidal MCETs ROS-dependent [174] |
In vitro RBL MC line + L. donovani/L. tropica [174] |
Antimicrobial effect [174] | |
| Mast cell and Psoriasis | Not described, probably suicidal because it was observed that MCs were not intact in lesions [176] | Ex vivo MCs from psoriasis lesions [176] |
IL-17 release, leading to pathogenic effect [176] | |
| Mast cell And Atherothrombosis | Not described [141] | Ex vivo MCs from coronary plaques and thrombus [141] |
Thrombus progression and maturation [141] | |
Mtb, mycobacterium tuberculosis; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MCETs, mast cell extracellular traps; MC, mast cell; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; HMC1, human MC line; BMMC, bone marrow–derived MC; RBL, rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line; HK-Mtb, heat-killed Mtb; GAS, group A streptococcus; IL-17, interleukin 1.