Table 2.
Summary of the presence of periostin in local biological samples and clinical utilities as a biomarker.
| Specimens | Study Groups | Significant Differences (High Group vs. Low Group) |
|---|---|---|
| Tear | Ocular allergic diseases | AKC, VKC vs. SAC, healthy control [78]. |
| Vitreous fluid | Diabetic retinopathy | PDR vs. non-diabetic ocular diseases [141,142]. |
| PDR, PVR vs. RRD, MH [143]. | ||
| PDR vs. MH, ERM [142]. | ||
| Nasal lavage fluid | Chronic rhinosinusitis | CRSwNP vs. AR [144]. |
| Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid | NSAIDs-tolerant asthma | N-ERD vs. NTA [145]. |
| Eosinophilic Pneumonia | AEP, CEP vs. healthy volunteers, sarcoidosis [146]. | |
| Idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia | EP vs. IPF, sarcoidosis [147]. | |
| Sputum | Asthma | asthma vs. healthy control [148]. |
| severe asthma vs. moderate to mild asthma [149]. | ||
| patients with persistent obstruction vs. without persistent obstruction [150]. | ||
| eosinophilic type vs. mixed granulocytic phenotype [151]. | ||
| ESS in CRS | with asthma vs. without asthma [152]. | |
| Chronic rhinosinusitis comorbid asthma | CRS with asthma vs. CRS without asthma [153]. | |
| Exhaled breath condensate | Asthma | severe asthma vs. mild to moderate asthma [154]. |
| Asthma, COPD | asthma vs. COPD [155]. | |
| Saliva | Asthma | mild to moderate asthma vs. severe asthma [156]. |
| Chronic periodontitis | healthy control vs. chronic periodontitis [157]. | |
| Chronic and aggressive periodontitis | non-periodontitis vs. chronic periodontitis [158]. | |
| Gingival crevicular fluid | Chronic periodontitis, gingivitis | gingivitis, healthy vs. chronic periodontitis [159]. |
| Urine | Type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy | DN vs. T2DM with normoalbuminuria [160]. |
| IgA nephropathy | IgA nephropathy vs. healthy control [161]. | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria vs. normoalbuminuria [162]. | |
| Chronic allograft nephropathy | CAN vs. transplant and healthy controls [163]. |
AKC, Atopic keratoconjunctivitis; VKC, vernal keratoconjunctivitis; SAC, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis; PDR, Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PVR, Proliferative vitreoretinopathy; RRD, Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; MH, macular hole; ERM, idiopathic epiretinal membrane; CRSwNP, Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; AR, allergic rhinitis; NSAIDs, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; N-ERD, NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease; NTA, NSAID-tolerant asthmatic; AEP, Acute eosinophilic pneumonia; CEP, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; EP, Eosinophilic pneumonia; IPF, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ESS, Endoscopic sinus surgery; CRS, Chronic Rhinosinusitis; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DN, Diabetic nephropathy; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CAN, Chronic allograft nephropathy.