Table 2.

Human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from various tissues can be differentiated into diverse cell types for regenerative therapies.

Tissue of Origin	Induced to Differentiate into
Bone marrow (BM)	Osteoblast, osteoclasts, stromal cells, pericytes
Umbilical cord blood (UCB)	Adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, epithelial cells
Brain	Neuron-like cells (?)
Heart	Cardiomyocytes
Liver	Hepatocytes
Oral cavity (DPSCs, SCAP)	Osteoblast/odontoblast, endothelial cells, neuron-like cells (a)
Kidney	Interstitial tubular cells
Fat	Chondrocytes, skeletal muscle cells (myoblasts)

MSCs are adherent cells with fibroblastic morphology and are able to form colony-forming units-F (CFU-F). Moreover, they are multipotent, as shown above, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory, with an enormous ability (secretome) to synthesize and secrete a large number of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other molecules [38]. ^(a) Tsiftsoglou A., unpublished data. Human dental MSCs can be guided to differentiate into endothelial cells (angiogenic differentiation) by human EPO-alpha [39].