Table 1.
Authors, Country | Design | Sample Size | Primary Results/Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. [27] (July, 2020) Wuhan (China) |
Retrospective | Total, n = 121 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: ICU, 9220 ng/mL vs. non-ICU, 7800 ng/mL (p = 0.0001). |
ICU, n = 40 | Serum calprotectin can discriminate with an AUROC of 0.86 and a cut-off of 6195 ng/mL (sensitivity 85%, specificity 82.7%) ICU admission. Also, patients with serum calprotectin > 6195 ng/mL had a 13-fold risk of death at 60 days from hospital admission. | ||
Non-ICU, n = 81 | |||
Shi et al. [24] (July, 2020) Michigan (USA) |
Cohort | Total, n = 172 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: patients who needed ventilation, 8039 ng/mL vs. those who did not, 3365 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). |
Room air group, n = 41 | Calprotectin levels were significantly higher in those individuals who required mechanical ventilation at any point during their hospitalization. Serum calprotectin could discriminate between patients that required mechanical ventilation and those who did not, with an AUROC of 0.794. | ||
Non-invasive oxygen, n = 71 | |||
Invasive ventilation, n = 60 | |||
De Guadiana-Romualdo et al. [28] (August, 2020) Cartagena (Spain) |
Case Series | Total, n = 66 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: survivors, 3540 ng/mL vs. non-survivors, 7900 ng/mL (p < 0.001). |
Survivors, n = 8 | Serum calprotectin positively correlated with other inflammation markers and was significantly higher in non-survivors, thus highlighting a possible prognostic role in COVID-19 patients. | ||
Non-Survivors, n = 58 | |||
Silvin et al. [23] (August, 2020) Villejuif (France) |
Cohort | Total, n = 158 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: severe, 4983 ng/mL vs. non-severe 985 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). |
Severe, n = 50 | Patients with more severe COVID-19 exhibited exponentially higher serum calprotectin if compared to patients with more moderate disease or controls. Serum calprotectin can discriminate between severe and non-severe disease with an AUROC of 0.959. | ||
Non-Severe, n = 39 | |||
Controls, n = 86 | |||
Bauer et al. [26] (November, 2020) Berlin, Germany |
Cohort | Total, n = 19 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: ICU, 3770 ng/mL vs. non-ICU, 2080 ng/mL (p = 0.15). |
ICU, n = 8 | Serum calprotectin had the best discriminative ability to predict ICU admission (AUROC 0.70, 95% C.I. 0.42–0.99) and multi-organ failure within 72 h (AUROC 0.87, 95% C.I. 0.63–1) if compared to other commonly employed biomarkers. | ||
Non-ICU, n = 11 | |||
Cherubini et al. [25] (May, 2021) Rome (Italy) |
Cohort | Total, n = 195 | Mean Calprotectin Concentrations: hospitalized patients with positive RT-PCR, 352.3 ng/mL vs. patients with symptoms but negative nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, 177.2 ng/mL vs. individuals without symptoms and negative nasopharyngeal RT-PCR (45.3 ng/mL). |
Hospitalized Patients with positive RT-PCR, n = 65 | Calprotectin can discriminate between symptomatic patients (COVID-positive vs. COVID-negative) with an AUROC of 0.72 and reported the cut-off 131.3 ng/mL, being the most performant with a specificity of 70.77% and a sensitivity of 69.49% | ||
Hospitalized Patients with negative RT-PCR, n = 59 | |||
Healthy individuals screened with negative RT-PCR, n = 71 |