Table 1.

Randomized control trials of cutaneous wound and scar treatments utilizing growth factors or cytokines

Treatment	Clinical Indication	Delivery	Clinical Outcome	CONSORT Standards Total Scorec/2524
PDGF-ββ	Pressure ulcers (Wagner stage III–IV)	Topical spray, daily for 28 days	Trend toward faster healing than vehicle control30	14.5
	Pressure ulcers (III–IV)	Topical hydrogel (Regranex®), 1–2 × daily for 16 weeksa	Faster and more complete healing than hydrogel control31	15.25
	Diabetic foot ulcers (1–100 cm2)	Topical hydrogel, daily for 20 weeksa	Complete healing increased relative to hydrogel control28	18
	Diabetic foot ulcers—chronic	Topical hydrogel (Regranex), 2 × daily for 20 weeks	Complete healing increased relative to hydrogel control27	13.75
	Diabetic foot ulcers (III–IV)—neuropathic	Topical hydrogel (Regranex), daily for 20 weeksa	Faster and more complete healing than hydrogel control29	17
	Ulcers—hypertensive	Topical hydrogel (Regranex), daily for 8 weeks	No change in healing relative to Duoderm hydrogel control32	19.25
	Traumatic wounds	Topical hydrogel (Plermin™)b	Faster re-epithelialization relative to saline control33	17.25
EGF	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–II)	Actovegin cream, daily for 12 weeksa	Complete healing increased relative to cream control38	15.75
	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–II)	Topical hydrogel (Regen-D™), 2 × daily for 15 weeksa	Complete healing increased relative to hydrogel control42	15.25
	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–II)	Intralesional injection (Heberprot-P®), 3 × weekly for 8 weeks	Complete healing increased relative to vehicle control40	15
	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–II)	Topical spray (Easyef®), 2 × daily for 12 weeksa	Complete healing increased relative to saline control39	22.25
	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–II)	Topical hydrogel (Regen-D), daily for 30 days	Trend toward faster healing than hydrogel control41	14
	Thyroidectomy incision	Topical, daily for 4 days	Trend toward improved scar pliability and thickness relative to standard care43	14.25
FGF-1	Burns—partial thickness Donor site wounds	Topical spray, daily for 3 weeksa	Faster healing than vehicle control49	16.25
	Diabetic chronic wounds (>2 cm2)	Topical, daily for 6 weeksa	Faster healing than FGF-2 control50	14.5
FGF-2	Pressure ulcers (III–IV)	Topical spray, tiered dosing and length	Trend toward faster healing than vehicle control46	15
	Pressure ulcers (III–IV)	Topical spray, daily for 35 days	Faster healing than vehicle control45	12.5
	Diabetic foot ulcers (I–III)—neuropathic	Topical spray, daily for 6 weeks, 2 × daily for 12 weeks	No change in healing relative to saline control47	15.75
	Traumatic wounds	Collagen spongeb	Complete healing increased relative to standard care79	17.5
	Burns—partial thickness	Topical spray (Fiblast®)b	Faster healing than standard care, with improved scar extension and elasticity48	13
VEGF-A	Diabetic foot ulcers (I)	Topical CMC hydrogel (Telbermin), every 2 days for 6 weeks	Trend toward faster healing than hydrogel control52	16.5
G-CSF	Infected diabetic foot ulcer	SC injection (Neupogen®), daily for 7 days	Faster resolution of infection than saline56	18.75
	Infected diabetic foot ulcer	SC injection (Granocyte®), daily for 21 days	No change in infection or rate of healing relative to standard care55	15.75
	Infected diabetic foot ulcer	SC injection (Neupogen), daily for 10 days	No change in infection, but trend toward faster healing than saline control57	14.75
GM-CSF	Chronic ulcers—mixed	SC injection (Leucomax®), day 0	Trend toward faster healing than vehicle control58	14.75
	Venous ulcers (3–30 cm2)	SC injection (Leucomax), weekly for 4 weeksa	Complete healing increased relative to vehicle control59	19.25
	Pressure ulcers (III-IV)	Topical spray, daily for 35 days	No change in healing relative to vehicle control45	12.5
	Chronic ulcers—mixed	Alginate dressingb	Faster healing and lower pain score than GM-CSF paste control and standard care80	13.5
	Burns—partial thickness	Gelatin hydrogel, dailyb	Complete healing increased relative to hydrogel control83	18
	Burns—partial thickness	Gelatin hydrogel, dailya	Faster and more complete healing than hydrogel control82	13.75
	Burns—partial thickness	Gelatin hydrogel, 4 weeksb	Faster and more complete healing than vehicle control81	14.5
TGF-β3	Pressure ulcers (15–120 cm2)	Topical hydrogel, daily for 16 weeksa	Faster healing than hydrogel control63	12.5
	Incisions	ID injection (Avotermin), before+after incision	Scar score improved relative to vehicle control64	17.75
	Incisions	ID injection (Avotermin), before+after incision	Scar score improved relative to vehicle control65	17.75
	Bilateral varicose vein surgery	ID injection (Avotermin), day 0	Scar score improved relative to vehicle control66	17
	Scar revision surgery	ID injection (Avotermin), before+after incision	Scar score transiently improved relative to vehicle control67	18.5
	Scar treatment	Silicone HA cream, 2 × daily for 12 weeks	Scar score improved relative to silicone control84	17.25
IL-10	Incisions	ID injection (Ilodecakin), before+after incision	Scar score and redness improved relative to vehicle control69	15.25
	Incisions	ID injection (Ilodecakin), 2 × after incision	Trend toward reduced scar width and transient improvement in scar score relative to vehicle control70	16

^aUntil primary endpoint was reached.

^bTreatment timing or length not evident.

^cAdherence to CONSORT reporting standards.

CMC, carboxymethylcellulose; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HA, hyaluronic acid; IL, interleukin; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor, TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.