Table 3.
Natural biomaterial delivery systems evaluated for cutaneous wound and scarring indications
| Biomaterial | Fabrication Method | Treatment(s) | Experimental Parameters Tested and Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan | Film | EGF |
In vitro release within 24 h Porcine full-thickness excisional wound model—daily treatment led to faster healing relative to control149 |
| Film | FGF-2 | Diabetic mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—treatment three times per week led to faster healing relative to hydrogel control166 | |
| Hydrogel | EGF |
In vitro release—within 3 h Rat partial-thickness thermal burn—daily treatment increased epithelialization relative to hydrogel and EGF controls91 |
|
| Hydrogel | FGF-2 | Diabetic db/db mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—single treatment led to faster healing relative to hydrogel control92 | |
| Hydrogel | FGF-2+heparin | Rat hind limb ischemia model—single treatment led to increased vascularization relative to hydrogel controls93 | |
| Alginate | Bead | VEGF-A | In vitro release+serum—cumulative over 14 days97 |
| Hydrogel | VEGF-A |
In vitro release+mechanical stimulation—pulsatile over 1 h Mouse hind limb ischemia model—daily stimulation increased vascularization relative to placebo control96 |
|
| HA | Heparin hydrogel | FGF-2 | In vitro release+serum+hyaluronase—over 14 days100 |
| Heparin | Hydrogel | VEGF-A |
In vitro release within 24 h Diabetic db/db mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—single treatment led to increase in vascularization relative to hydrogel control102 |
| Collagen | Hydrogel | FGF-2 |
In vitro culture—attachment of adipocytes Mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—single treatment led to faster healing relative to hydrogel control160 |
| Membrane | CBD-PDGF-ββ | Rabbit ischemic full-thickness excisional wound model—single treatment led to faster repair relative to membrane control106 | |
| Scaffold | VEGF-A | Rat SC implant model—increased vascularization relative to scaffold and unconjugated VEGF-A controls107 | |
| Scaffold | EGF |
In vitro release—within 8 h In vitro culture—fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation Rat full-thickness excisional wound model—single treatment led to enhanced cellularity relative to scaffold control108 |
|
| Sponge | EGF | In vitro release+collagenase—cumulative over 30 days, induces fibroblast proliferation104 | |
| TFA-sponge | FGF-2 | In vitro release+serum—burst within 4 days, cumulative over 18 days, induces endothelial cell proliferation105 | |
| Gelatin | Microsphere | FGF-2 | Diabetic db/db mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—single injection led to increase in repair processes relative to microsphere control110 |
| Microsphere | VEGF-A | In vitro release+collagenase—over 14 days112 | |
| Sheet | FGF-2 | Diabetic db/db mouse full-thickness excisional wound model—cumulative over 7 days in plasma, single treatment led to faster healing relative to sheet control113 | |
| Fibrin | Hydrogel | VEGF-A+Factor XIIIa substrate |
In vitro release—cumulative over 7 days Mouse ischemic hind limb and skin flap models—single treatment led to increase in vascularization relative to hydrogel control151 |
| Lipid | Multi-lamellar liposome | EGF | Rat full-thickness incisional wound model (nonsutured)—single treatment led to cumulative release in wound over 5 days, increased tensile strength relative to liposome control121 |
CBD, collagen-binding domain; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid.