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Schematic representation of macrophage polarization and its various stimuli differentiating toward pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes in RA. On the left side, monocytes can differentiate toward pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, osteoclasts and inflammatory DCs (InfDCs); on the right side, monocytes can differentiate toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and tolerogenic DCs (TolDCs).
