Table 3.

Casein Micelles-Based Capsules and Hydrogels in Delivering Food Bioactives.

Casein Type	The Technique Used for Preparing Loaded Reassembled Casein Micelles	Bioactive	Encapsulation Mechanism	References
Micellar casein	• Casein–emodin complex formation by vortex • Heat and Ultrasound treatments • Spray-drying microencapsulation • In Vitro digestion evaluation	Emodin	Microencapsulation	[134]
β casein micelle	• Drug loaded β caseins dispersion • Freeze drying • Making and description of gastro-resistant Nanoparticle in Microparticle Delivery Systems • pH 2 and 6.5 • In Vitro drug release	Antiretroviral (ARV) combinations of Darunavir, efavirenz and ritonavir encapsulation in β caseins and further within Eudragit L100	Co-encapsulation, Nanoparticle-in-microparticle delivery system (NiMDS)	[135]
Casein gels	• Casein gel production at pH 1 and 9 • Spray-dried gel and tablet • Oven-dried gel and tablets • Controlled release under various compression methods	Caffeine	Gels	[136,137]
β casein micelle Sodium Caseinate	• β casein preparation in 7.4 phosphate buffer • Blending of protein and resveratrol • Production of polysaccharide conjugates by Millard reaction Resveratrol loading at pH 7.5	Resveratrol	Encapsulation Emulsions	[138,139,140]
β casein depleted Casein micelles	• Centrifugation • Lyophilisation • Mixing by shaker • Ultracentrifugation • Enzymatic crosslinking	Linoleic acid	Nanoencapsulation	[141]
Caseins	• Acidification • Homogenisation at high pressure • Curcumin/casein/soy polysaccharide complex at pH 10.0 • In Vitro digestion evaluation • CUR pharmacokinetics of CUR/CN/SSPS in mice	Curcumin	Nanoencapsulation	[142]
Casein Micelle	• Chemical acidification • Crosslinking by transglutaminase	Jaboticaba extract	Hydrogels	[28]
Sodium casienate/Carrageenan	• Primary and multilayered emulsion preparations • Microbeads preparation by gelation in an atomiser	β carotene	Emulsions/Gels	[143]
Casein micelles	• Mineral arrangement restoration and spray-drying • Homogenisation at high pressure • pH and temperature-induced opening	β carotene	Nanoencapsulation	[25,144,145,146]
Re-assembled casein micelles (r-CM) Sodium caseinate (CNP)	• Binding at pH 7.4 and temperature 74 °C • Centrifugation • EGGC binding r-CM and CNP • Encapsulation efficiency determination	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGGC), folic acid	Nanoencapsulation	[147]
Casein micelles	• Preparation of casein-PAAm hydrogels by free radical polymerisation	Polyacrylamide	Hydrogels	[148]
Casein micelles	• Spray-drying pH-shifting • High-pressure treatment	curcumin	Nanoencapsulation	[149,150,151,152,153,154]
Reassembled Casein micelles	• Restoration of mineral composition and ultrahigh-pressure homogenisation	Vitamin D3	Nanoencapsulation	[145,146,155,156,157]
Micellar Casein	• A shift in pH and ultrasonication	Fish oil	Emulsions	[158]
Micellar casei Re-assembled casein micelle from micellar casein	• A shift in pH and ultrasonication	Vegetable oil (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria	Nanoencapsulation Microencapsulation	[158,159]
Casein micelles	• Mineral composition restoration • Homogenisation with high pressure	Omega-3	Nanoencapsulation	[158]
β Casein micelles	• Lyophilization	Celecoxib	Nanoencapsulation	[160]
Casein micelles + konjac glucomannan (KGM)	• Enzyme-induced casein KGM hydrogels preparation • Ageing in refrigeration	Docetaxel	Gel	[161]
Casein micelles	• Skim milk natural conditions • Thermally treated commercial skim milk	Vitamin A	Nanoencapsulation	[156,162]
Casein micelles	• Mineral composition restoration and homogenisation at high pressure • Re-assembly of casein micelles	Vitamin D2	Nanoencapsulation	[155]
Casein micelles		Rosemary Extract	Nanoencapsulation	[163]
Casein micelle		Lactoferrin	Nanoencapsulation	[164]
Casein micelle	• Spray-drying crosslinked with genipin	Alfuzosin	suspension	[165]
Casein micelle	• Spray-drying crosslinked with genipin	Flutamide	Microencapsulation	[165]