Table 2.
Effect direction plot (sorted by alphabetical order).
| Study | Study Design | Risk of Bias Issues | Wildfire Measure | Age (Years) | Respiratory Outcomes: Effect Direction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ED or Clinic Visits | Hospitalizations | Symptoms | ||||||||
| RV | AV | RV | AV | Respiratory | Other | |||||
| Delfino et al., 2009 [30] | Pre-post | NA | PM2.5, humidity, temperature | 0–4 5–19 |
NR | NR | ⇑ ◊ |
◊ ◊ |
NR | NR |
| Gan et al., 2017 [31] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM2.5 | <15 | NR | NR | ⇑ | ⇑ | NR | NR |
| Hanigan et al., 2008 [32] | Cross-sectional | Confounding, attrition, exposure characterization | Visibility index | <15 | NR | NR | ⇑ | ⇑ | NR | NR |
| Henderson et al., 2011 [23] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM10, satellite | 0–4 5–9 10–19 |
◊ ◊ ◊ |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Hutchinson et al., 2018 [33] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM2.5, AQI | 0–4 5–17 |
⇑ ◊ |
⇑ ⇑ |
◊ ◊ |
◊ ◊ |
NR | NR |
| Johnston et al., 2014 [34] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM2.5, PM10 | <15 | ◊ | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Kunzli et al., 2006 [15] | Cross-sectional | Attrition, outcome assessment | PM10, smell of fire smoke | ⇑ | ◊ | NR | NR | ⇑ | ◊ | |
| Lee et al., 2009 [35] | Pre-post | Exposure characterization, attrition | PM10 | <19 | ⇑ | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Leibel et al., 2020 [36] | Cross-sectional | Outcome assessment | PM2.5, satellite | <19 | ⇑ | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Pratt et al., 2019 [37] | Cross-sectional | Exposure characterization | PM2.5, ozone | 0–18 | NR | ⇑ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Reid et al., 2016 [38] | Pre-post | NA | PM2.5, ozone | <20 | ◊ | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Resnick et al., 2015 [39] | Pre-post | Confounding variables | PM2.5, AQI | <19 | ⇓ | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Stowell et al., 2019 [40] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM2.5 | 0–18 | ◊ | ⇑ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Tham et al., 2009 [41] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM10, PM2.5, ozone | <15 | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Tinling et al., 2016 [42] | Cross-sectional | NA | PM2.5 | <18 | ⇑ | ◊ | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Vicedo-Cabrera et al., 2016 [16] | Cross-sectional | Exposure characterization, outcome assessment | Self-reported exposure | 5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ◊ | ⇑ |
NA = not applicable, PM = particulate matter, RV = respiratory visits, AV = asthma visits, ED = emergency department, AQI = Air Quality Index. Effect direction: ◊ = no significant association, ⇑ = positive association, ⇓ = negative association, NR not reported All health care outcomes combined, including hospitalizations, ED and clinic visits.