Table 2.
Some examples of chlorophyllides synthesis from protochlorophyllide and chlorophyll.
| Starting Materials | Enzyme | Plant Source | Affected Factor | Yield | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protochlorophyllide a | NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase | Etiolated leaves | Light (+) | N/A | [73] |
| Wheat leaves | δ-aminolevulinic acid (5 mM)/light (+) | 2.5–18 μg/g fresh weight at 1–57 μW/cm−2 of light for 15 min | [75] | ||
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Kosack) seed | Norflurazon, inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis (+) | Protochlorophyllide: 39 μg/g at norflurazon-treated leaves (100 μg/L), the ratio of chlide/protochlorophyllide was increased | [93] | ||
| Barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare) | Water (+) on Chlorophyll(ide)684 (−) on Chlorophyll(ide)676 | Chlorophyll(ide)676 was increased 28.4–92.5% in 40% and 78% desiccated leaves | [97] | ||
| Barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare L. Zaoshu No. 3) | Nitric oxide (−) | Nitric oxide inhibited chlorophylls synthesis (49–58% decline in barley and 21–24% decline in Arabidopsis) | [98] | ||
| Chlorophyll | Chlorophyllase | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | 50% acetone at 20 °C (+) | 100% | [49] |
| Heruckum leaves | Heat treatment between 60–75 °C (+) | 10–70% | [50] | ||
| 80% acetone at 1 °C (+) | 100% | ||||
| Ficus macrocarpa leaves | 80% acetone (+) | 95% | [99,100] | ||
| French bean leaves | δ-aminolevulinic acid (+) | N/A | [101] | ||
| Citrus sinensis chlorophyllase | Nicotiana tabacum | 1.8 fold increased | [102] | ||
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chlorophyllase | Catalytic efficiency: 9.89 (s−1 μM−1) | [57] | |||
| Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase | Catalytic efficiency: 15.51 × 10−5 (s−1 μM−1) | [56] | |||
| Cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 chlorophyllase | Specific activity of enzyme: 75.60 (U/mg) | [58] | |||
| Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 chlorophyllase | Catalytic efficiency: 15.51 × 10−5 (s−1 µM− 1) | [103] |
N/A: not available; chlorophyll(ide)676 is characterized by fluorescence absorption and emission maxima at 668 nm and 676 nm, respectively; chlorophyll(ide)684 is characterized by fluorescence absorption and emission maxima at 674 nm and 684 nm, respectively; chlorophyll(ide)676 and chlorophyll(ide)684 are partially esterified chlorophyllide species.