Table 2.
Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for aggressive prostate cancer for cases from the 2010–2014 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database for cadmium, arsenic, and lead each as the exposure variable comparing the 80th percentile of exposure vs. the 20th percentile in counties with different degrees of urbanization.
| Measure of Aggressiveness | Metastatic vs. Not OR (95% CI) |
High vs. Low Gleason Grade OR (95% CI) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County Type | All | RUCC 1 | RUCC 2 | RUCC 3 | RUCC 4 | All | RUCC 1 | RUCC 2 | RUCC 3 | RUCC 4 | |
|
Cadmium OR
(95% CI) |
Unadjusted | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
1.04 (1.01, 1.06) |
1.28 (1.17, 1.40) |
0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
0.88 (0.68, 1.15) |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
1.38 (1.22, 1.55) |
0.96 (0.90, 1.01) |
0.89 (0.76, 1.03) |
| Adjusted | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) |
1.01 (0.99, 1.04) |
1.26 (1.14, 1.39) |
0.97 (0.90, 1.05) |
0.85 (0.63, 1.14) |
0.99 (0.97, 1.00) |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00) |
1.41 (1.27, 1.57) |
1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
0.94 (0.76, 1.17) |
|
|
Arsenic OR
(95% CI) |
Unadjusted | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) |
1.07 (1.05, 1.09) |
1.14 (1.09, 1.18) |
0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
0.86 (0.64, 1.17) |
0.99 (0.97, 1.00) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.02) |
1.09 (1.02, 1.16) |
0.94 (0.88, 0.99) |
0.84 (0.68, 1.03) |
| Adjusted | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) |
0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
1.13 (1.08, 1.18) |
1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
0.86 (0.49, 1.53) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
1.12 (1.06, 1.18) |
0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
0.78 (0.50, 1.21) |
|
|
Lead OR
(95% CI) |
Unadjusted | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
1.06 (1.02, 1.09) |
1.00 (0.96, 1.03) |
0.97 (0.91, 1.04) |
0.87 (0.73, 1.03) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.02) |
1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
1.03 (1.00, 1.07) |
0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
0.93 (0.83, 1.03) |
| Adjusted | 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) |
0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
1.00 (0.96, 1.04) |
0.98 (0.91, 1.07) |
0.90 (0.76, 1.07) |
1.04 (1.02, 1.06) |
1.04 (1.00, 1.08) |
1.04 (1.01, 1.08) |
1.03 (0.97, 1.10) |
0.92 (0.80, 1.05) |
|
OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval. Note: Adjusted odds ratios were adjusted for age at diagnosis, county-level sociodemographic index, county-level smoking prevalence, and county-level air quality index.