Figure 4.

Connections of EWcp to presympathetic regions involved in stress-induced cardiovascular activity. Presympathetic neurons in brain areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, such as PVN, A5, RPa and RVLM, receive inputs from EWcp, which is also activated by stress. The medial parvocellular PVN, known to contain presympathetic neurons, shows a moderate density of CRF-R2. Stress-induced increase in sympathetic outflow to the kidneys and heart increases blood pressure and heart rate. For terms, see the list of abbreviations.