Table 1.

Comparison of FRET-based nanobiosensors for nucleic acid detection.

Feature	Donor/Acceptor	Wavelengths (Ex,Em)	Target	Required Time	Detection Limit	Ref
FAM-labeled DNA probe adsorption on AuNPs via thiol-modified probes; When hybridizing with target DNA, fluorescence occurrence due to reduced interaction and increased distance.	AuNPs/FAM-labeled DNA probe	Ex: 545 nm Em: 580 nm	methylated DNA	>2 h	2.2 pM	[62]
Aggregation-induced release (AIE) molecules and cDNA adsorption on GO via π-π stacking; Increased distance by reduced interaction when hybridizing with target DNA eliminates quenching effect	GO/AIE labeled DNA probe	Ex: 370 nm Em: 465 nm	DNA	3 min	3.1 pM	[63]
FAM-labeled DNA adsorption on GO via π-π stacking; FAM-labeled ssDNA desorption and fluorescence recovery from GO through addition of target DNA	GO/FAM-labeled DNA probe	Ex: 488 nm Em: 520 nm	Exon 10 (EGFR gene)	10 min	35 fmol/μL	[64]
FAM-labeled DNA adsorption on Ti3C2 NSs via π-π stacking; Detection of PCR-amplified HPV-18 DNA from cervical scrape samples	Ti3C2 NSs/FAM-DNA probe	Ex: 495 nm Em: 520 nm	HPV-18	5 min	100 pM	[65]
Target DNA detection by Rho 110 and 6G-PMMA using a smartphone RGB camera using a two-color fluorescence microscope; Prevention dye self-quenching of polymer nanoparticles encapsulating green fluorescent donor (Rho 110 and 6G) and hydrophobic counterions (ATTO647N) as acceptors	Rho 110/6G-PMMA/ATTO647N	Ex: 488 nm Em: 662 nm	DNA	3 h	10 fM	[66]
Covalent binding of TAMRA-labeled MUC1 aptamer and TAMRA-labeled miR-21 to the surface of chimeric DNA-functionalized Ti3C2; Red and green fluorescence recovery by nanoprobe and target MUC1, miR-21 hybridization.	Functionalized Ti3C2/TAMRA- miR-21, TAMRA-MUC1	Ex: 488 nm Em: 525 nm	miR-21 MUC1	2 h	0.8 nM	[67]
Isolation and green fluorescence recovery of dye-labeled ssDNA on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets due to hybridization between the probe and the target miR.	MoS2/FAM-miR 21 probe	Ex: 488 nm Em: 520 nm	miR-21	> 2 h	10–50 nM	[68]
Detection of UV-vis and gel electrophoresis from 1-aptamers attached to the probe surface using high surface area MOFs.	La (III) MOFs/AgNPs	Ex: 220 nm Em: 430 nm	miR-155	45 min	5.5 fM	[69]
FAM-labeled DNA adsorption on GO via π-π stacking; Collection and detection of DNA-miR complexes after the target miRNA hybridization with the probe and detaches from the reaction channel.	GO/FAM-labeled DNA probes	Ex: 488 nm Em: 520 nm	miR-125, miR-126, miR-191, miR-155, miR-21,	35 min	0.146 aM	[70]