Table 1.
Characteristics of the reviewed studies.
| Study, Year [Ref.] | Location | Sign/Disease | Index Test Device | Comparator Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedetti et al., 2006 [18] | Pisa, Italy | ultrasound lung comets (ULC) (extravascular lung water) | Optigo (Philips, Andover, MA, USA) (“low-tech beginner”) | conventional US |
| Kajimoto et al., 2012 [19] | Tokyo, Japan | pulmonary disease | Vscan (GE Healthcare, Japan) | chest X-ray |
| Lisi et al., 2012 [20] | Siena, Italy | pleural effusion | Vscan, Horten, Norway (1.7–3.8 MHz) | chest X-rays |
| Cogliati et al. 2014 [21] | Milan, Italy | interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis | VSCAN, GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA) supporting a phased array transducer (1.7–3.8 MHz). |
conventional US, high-resolution CT |
| Filopei et al., 2014 [22] | New York City, NY, USA | Dyspnea * | Vscan; GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway | chest X-ray, CT |
| Platz et al., 2015 [23] | unclear | pulmonary edema—heart failure | VScan, General Electric | conventional US |
| Sforza et al., 2017 [24] | Italy | acute or worsening of chronic dyspnea | Vscan (General Electric Healthcare | chest X-ray |
| Phillips and Manning, 2017 [25] | Boston, MA, USA | interstitial edema, pleural effusion, pneumonia, and the presence of a central line | Vscan (GE Vingmed Ultrasound A/S, Horten, Norway) |
chest X-ray and conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) |
| Bobbia et al., 2018 [26] | France | acute respiratory failure | Vscan Dual probe, GE Hea | CT, conventional US |
| Bensted et al., 2018 [27] | Sydney, Australia | pneumothorax after transbronchial lung biopsy | Vscan; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) |
chest X-ray |
| Lima et al., 2019 [28] | Nepal | subclinical pulmonary edema on healthy volunteers | iViz (FUJIFILM SonoSite, Inc) | Ancillary measurements included pulse oximetry (SpO2; %), heart rate (HR; /min), and blood pressure (BP; mmHg) |
| Newhouse et al. 2020 [29] | Adelaide, SA, Australia | unilateral pleural effusion | Signostics Uscan© hand-held US |
conventional US |
| Jalil et al., 2020 [30] | TX, USA | SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia | Vscan Extend Dual Probe, GE | chest X-ray, SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing |
| Dini et al. 2020 [31] | Pavia, Italy | COVID-19 pneumonia | CERBERO (ATL, Milano, Italy) | nasopharyngeal swab testing for COVID-19 |
| Bennett et al. 2021 [32] | Siena, Italy | COVID-19 pneumonia | Butterfly iQ | conventional US |
* (1) exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma (COPD/asthma), (2) acute pulmonary edema (APE), (3) pneumonia (PNA), (4) pulmonary embolus (PE), (5) pneumothorax (PTX), (6) pleural effusion (PLEFF), and (7) other (OTH), namely anemia, ascites, and dehydration.