Table 1. Characteristics of HIV-positive women with CIN2+ and with negative result of cervical screening in HIV high-burden areas in China, 2015–2016.
| Characteristics | No. of observations | CIN2+ | Normal | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | χ2 | p-value | AOR (95%CI) | p-value | ||||
| Abbreviations: CIN2+=cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 or worse; PLAD=provincial-level administrative division; hrHPV=high-risk human papillomavirus; AOR=adjusted odds ratio; 95%CI=95% confidence intervals. ART: antiretroviral treatment; HBsAg positive=hepatitis B surface antigen.
* Fisher’s exact test; Factors significant at p<0.1 in univariate analysis and age were entered into the regression model. | |||||||||||||
| Total | 469 | 27 | 442 | ||||||||||
| PLAD | 1.68 | 0.43 | |||||||||||
| Yunnan | 196 | (41.8) | 10 | (37.0) | 186 | (42.1) | |||||||
| Guangxi | 149 | (31.8) | 7 | (26.0) | 142 | (32.1) | |||||||
| Xinjiang | 124 | (26.4) | 10 | (37.0) | 114 | (25.8) | |||||||
| Age (years old) | 0.19 | 0.91 | |||||||||||
| 18–29 | 79 | (16.8) | 4 | (14.8) | 75 | (17.0) | 1 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 277 | (59.1) | 17 | (63.0) | 260 | (58.8) | 2.3 | (0.6–9.5) | 0.23 | ||||
| 40–49 | 113 | (24.1) | 6 | (22.2) | 107 | (24.2) | 2.8 | (0.6–14.1) | 0.22 | ||||
| Ethnic group | 4.11 | 0.13 | |||||||||||
| Han and others | 210 | (44.8) | 12 | (44.4) | 198 | (44.8) | |||||||
| Uighur | 108 | (23.0) | 10 | (37.1) | 98 | (22.2) | |||||||
| Jingpo/Dai | 151 | (32.2) | 5 | (18.5) | 146 | (33.0) | |||||||
| Education level | 0.004 | 0.95 | |||||||||||
| Primary school and below | 223 | (47.5) | 13 | (48.1) | 210 | (47.5) | |||||||
| Junior high and above | 246 | (52.5) | 14 | (51.9) | 232 | (52.5) | |||||||
| Current employment | 0.86 | 0.65 | |||||||||||
| Farmer | 216 | (46.1) | 11 | (40.7) | 205 | (46.4) | |||||||
| Housewife | 153 | (32.6) | 11 | (40.7) | 142 | (32.1) | |||||||
| Other | 100 | (21.3) | 5 | (18.6) | 95 | (21.5) | |||||||
| Marital status | 0.44 | 0.51 | |||||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 355 | (75.7) | 19 | (70.4) | 336 | (76.0) | |||||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 114 | (24.3) | 8 | (29.6) | 106 | (24.0) | |||||||
| Annual income (RMB per capita) | 0.10 | 0.75 | |||||||||||
| ≥5,000 | 335 | (71.4) | 20 | (74.1) | 315 | (71.3) | |||||||
| <5,000 | 134 | (28.6) | 7 | (25.9) | 127 | (28.7) | |||||||
| Residence registration | 1.80 | 0.18 | |||||||||||
| Urban | 107 | (22.8) | 9 | (33.3) | 98 | (22.2) | |||||||
| Rural | 362 | (77.2) | 18 | (66.7) | 344 | (77.8) | |||||||
| Age at sexual debut* | 0.003* | ||||||||||||
| Early (<18 years old) | 63 | (13.6) | 9 | (36.0) | 54 | (12.3) | 3.4 | (1.2–10.2) | 0.03 | ||||
| Late (≥18 years old) | 400 | (86.4) | 16 | (64.0) | 384 | (87.7) | 1 | ||||||
| Lifetime sexual partners | 0.90 | 0.34 | |||||||||||
| 1 | 215 | (45.8) | 10 | (37.0) | 205 | (46.4) | |||||||
| ≥2 | 254 | (54.2) | 17 | (63.0) | 237 | (53.6) | |||||||
| Currently smoking | 1.00* | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 19 | (4.1) | 1 | (3.7) | 18 | (4.1) | |||||||
| No | 450 | (95.9) | 26 | (96.3) | 424 | (95.9) | |||||||
| Gravidity | 0 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 0–3 | 330 | (70.4) | 19 | (70.4) | 311 | (70.4) | |||||||
| 4–9 | 139 | (29.6) | 8 | (29.6) | 131 | (29.6) | |||||||
| Parity | 0.58* | ||||||||||||
| 0–2 | 398 | (84.9) | 22 | (81.5) | 376 | (85.1) | |||||||
| 3–6 | 71 | (15.1) | 5 | (18.5) | 66 | (14.9) | |||||||
| HIV infection route | 0.39* | ||||||||||||
| Sexual contact | 442 | (94.2) | 27 | (100.0) | 415 | (93.9) | |||||||
| Others | 27 | (5.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 27 | (6.1) | |||||||
| CD4 lymphocyte count (/mm3) | 0.36 | 0.55 | |||||||||||
| <350 | 100 | (21.3) | 7 | (25.9) | 93 | (21.0) | |||||||
| ≥350 | 369 | (78.7) | 20 | (74.1) | 349 | (79.0) | |||||||
| HIV viral load (copies/mL) | 0.52* | ||||||||||||
| <1,000 | 419 | (89.3) | 23 | (85.2) | 396 | (89.6) | |||||||
| ≥1,000 | 50 | (10.7) | 4 | (14.8) | 46 | (10.4) | |||||||
| ART | 0.61* | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 443 | (96.3) | 25 | (100.0) | 418 | (96.1) | |||||||
| No | 17 | (3.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 17 | (3.9) | |||||||
| hrHPV infection | 71.96 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| Yes | 106 | (22.6) | 24 | (88.9) | 82 | (18.6) | 49.1 | (11.1–216.1) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 363 | (77.4) | 3 | (11.1) | 360 | (81.4) | 1 | ||||||
| Syphilis | 0.03* | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 22 | (4.7) | 4 | (14.8) | 18 | (4.1) | 4.1 | (0.9–18.2) | 0.07 | ||||
| No | 446 | (95.3) | 23 | (85.2) | 423 | (95.9) | 1 | ||||||
| HBsAg positive | 1.00* | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 32 | (6.9) | 1 | (3.7) | 31 | (7.0) | |||||||
| No | 435 | (93.1) | 26 | (96.3) | 409 | (93.0) | |||||||