Figure 3.

Identification of vessel-like structures in the vascularized cerebral organoids. (a) CD31⁺ endothelial networks of the vhCOs coated with SMA+ smooth muscle cells, similar to typical blood vessels. (b) Mesh-like endothelial plexuses surrounded by PDGFR+ pericytes and a collagen IV (ColIV)+ basement membrane. (c) Formation of vessel-like structures from endothelial progenitor cells (CD144⁺ and KDR⁺). (d) Coexistence of TUJ1⁺ neural networks and CD31⁺ vascular networks maintained for up to 50 days.