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. 2021 Aug 23;11(8):290. doi: 10.3390/bios11080290

Table 4.

The commonly used positive inhibitors and their adverse effects.

Inhibitors Chemical Structures Sources Adverse Effects Dosage Group Ref.
Hydroquinone
(HQ)		 graphic file with name biosensors-11-00290-i026.jpg Plant
  • (1)

    Irritant contact dermatitis.

  • (2)

    Exogenous ochronosis.

  • (3)

    Transient erythema.

 <4% Forbidden [117,118]
β-Arbutin graphic file with name biosensors-11-00290-i027.jpg Plant Facial tingling <3% Approved [119,120]
Kojic acid
(KA)		 graphic file with name biosensors-11-00290-i028.jpg Fungus
  • (1)

    Contact dermatitis (especially in sensitive skins).

  • (2)

    Long-term use may make the skin more prone to sunburn.

  • (3)

    Using KA on damaged or broken skins can lead to cancer.

 <1% Approved [121,122]