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. 2021 Jul 21;10(8):1847. doi: 10.3390/cells10081847

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Regulation of the intestinal homeostasis in healthy and IBD inflamed gut. A healthy intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in presence of TGF-β, retinoic acid (RA) and IL-2 promote dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (mφ) to stimulate the generation of inducible Trges (iTregs). TGF-β and IL-10 are markers that contribute to the generation of iTregs, and establish and maintain the tolerogenic environment in a healthy gut. On the contrary, IBD induced inflammation induces intestinal epithelial barriers and secrete TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-8, stimulating DCs and mφ to produce the inflammatory Th-17 (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-21), Th-1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6) and Th-2 type cells (IL-5, IL-6, IL-13) creating an inflammation focus and diseased intestine.