Table 6.
Summary of major growth factors families and their applications in injury healing.
| Growth Factor | Source | Molecular Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells |
Inflammation, Angiogenesis |
[200,213,214,215,216,217,218] |
| CX3CL1 | Macrophages, Endothelial cells |
Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Collagen deposition |
[219,220] |
| TGF-β | Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Macrophages, Platelets |
Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Granulation tissue formation, Collagen synthesis, Tissue remodeling, Leukocyte chemotactic function |
[200,217,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228] |
| IL-6 | Fibroblasts, Endothelial cells, Macrophages, Keratinocytes |
Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Re-epithelialization, Collagen deposition, Tissueremodeling |
[217,229,230,231] |
| IL-1 | Macrophages, Leukocytes, Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts |
Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Re-epithelialization, Tissue remodeling |
[217,232,233,234,235] |
| PDGF | Platelets | Inflammation, Re-epithelialization, Collagen deposition, Tissue remodeling |
[212,236] |
| IL-27 | Macrophages | Suppression of inflammation, Collagen synthesis |
[237,238] |
| HGF | Fibroblasts | Suppression of inflammation, Granulationtis sue formation, Angiogenesis, Re-epithelialization |
[215,217,239] |
| Activin | Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts |
Granulation tissue formation, Keratinocyte Differentiation, Re-epithelialization, |
[240,241,242,243] |
| FGF-2 | Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts, Endothelial cells |
Angiogenesis, Granulation tissue formation |
[217,244,245,246,247,248] |
| Angiopoietin-1/-2 | Fibroblasts | Angiogenesis | [216,249] |
| EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-α | Keratinocytes, Macrophages | Re-epithelialization | [217,250,251,252,253,254] |
| FGF-7, FGF-10 | Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes |
Re-epithelialization, Detoxification of ROS |
[200,217,255,256,257] |
| CXCL10, CXCL11 | Keratinocytes, Endothelial cells |
Re-epithelialization, Tissue remodeling |
[258,259,260] |
| IL-4 | Leukocytes | Collagen synthesis | [217,226] |
| GM-CSF | Macrophages, T cells, Mast cells, Natural killer cells, Fibroblast, Endothelial cells | Recruit Langerhans cells, Stimulate proliferation and differentiation | [239,261] |
| TNF-α | Neutrophils Macrophages |
Inflammation Re-epithelialization |
[262] |
Abbreviation: CXCL10/11, cysteine-X amino acid-cysteine; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IL, interleukin; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.