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. 2021 Aug 26;20:108. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01403-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Reduction of DDX56 inhibits SqCLC cell growth, migration and tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model of SqCLC. a and b Analysis of growth of H226 (a) and SK-MES-1 (b) cells transfected with DDX56-specific or control shRNAs using a crystal violet assay. Cell growth of H226 and SK-MES-1 was significantly inhibited in DDX56 shRNA-transfected cells compared to control shRNA (shNC)-transfected cells (n = 4). c and d Analysis of growth of H226 and SK-MES-1 cells transfected with pCMV-DDX56 or control pCMV vectors using a crystal violet assay. Cell growth of H226 and SK-MES-1 was significantly enhanced in pCMV-DDX56-transfected cells compared to pCMV vector-transfected cells (n = 4). e and f Analysis of migration ability of H226 cells transfected with DDX56 or control siRNAs using wound healing assay. (e) Wound healing assay of H226 cells transfected with DDX56-specific or control siRNAs. (f) Quantification of wound closure by measuring the wound width of the % of the closure of original wound in triplicate plates. g and h Analysis of migration ability of H226 (g) and SK-MES-1 (h) cells transfected with DDX56-specific or control siRNAs using a transwell assay. Representative images of crystal violet-stained migrated H226 (200X) and SK-MES-1 (400X) cells on the membrane (left panel). Quantification of cell migration expressed by cell counting. Columns represent mean (n = 4). i and j, NOG CIEA were injected subcutaneously with H226 cells transfected with shDDX56 (n = 10) or shNC (n = 10) and monitored for H226 tumor growth at day 10, 19, 29 and 33 after injection (i). The tumor-bearing mice were sacrificed on day 33 and their tumors dissected. Representative tumors from DDX56 shRNA (n = 5) and control shRNA (n = 4) xenografts (j). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Two-sided Student’s t-test was used to compare the data. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). All data are representative of three independent experiments