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CSF hemoglobin levels in neurologically normal controls and subjects living with ALS. Violin plots (frequency distribution) of CSF hemoglobin concentration (a), CSF total protein concentration (b), and CSF hemoglobin normalized to total protein (c) from patients with ALS (n = 236) compared to control subjects (n = 87). Data shown as median (red bars) with quartiles (blue bars), with statistical significance determined using Mann–Whitney tests. **p ≤ 0.01, ns; not significant
