Table 3.
Highlights illustrating the antimicrobial activities of synthesized M-NPs against microbial and fungal strains
| NPs | Range (Size) | Source | Antibacterial activity | Antifungal activity | Shape(s) | References | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CuO-chitosan | 23.17 nm | Sterculia foetida | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis | A. terreus | Crystal shaped | [205] | 
| Cu-chitosan | 2–350 nm | Lawsonia inermis and Terminalia arjuna | S. paratyphi, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. choleraesuis, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa | F. oxysporum and P. capsici | Cube-shaped | [206] | 
| Ag-NPs | 10-20 nm | Medicago sativa, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eucalyptus macrocarpa, and Jatropha curcas | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), M. smegmatis, and S. mutans | M. luteus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. fumigates, A. niger, C. albicans and C. glabrata | Spherical and rod-shaped | [207] | 
| ZnO | 50-60 nm | Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and S. mutans | B. cinerea and P. expansum | Rectangular-shaped | [208] | 
| MgO | 36.7 nm | Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus blitum, and Andrographis paniculata | S. dysenteriae. S. aureus, and E. coli | C. albicans | Spherical, hexagonal-shaped | [209] | 
| CaO Si | 18.98 nm 100 nm | Chicken eggshell Sugarcane bagasse | E. coli, and S. epidermidis S. aureus, and E. coli | P. aeruginosa, and C. tropicalis A. solani | Fibre shaped Spherical shaped | [210] | 
| TiO2 | 500 nm | Moringa oleifera and Morinda citrifolia | S. typhi, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae | C. albicans | Spherical shaped | [211] | 
| Au-NPs AgO | 20-100 nm 45 nm | Rhodococcus sp. Plectonema boryanum P. boryanum, Thermomonospora sp., S. mutans. F. oxysporum, and Cyanobacteria sp. Eupatorium odoratum and Artocarpus heterophyllus | S. mutans R. mucilaginosa, E. coli, Pseudomonas, P. mirabilis, E. faecalis, and S. aureus | Candida sp. A. niger, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus | Cubic, spherical, octahedral, hexagonal, pentagonal, truncated, and triangles Spherical and circular disc-shaped | [212] | 
| Au-Pt | – | – | E. coli | – | Wire and chain shaped | [213] | 
| Fe2O3 | 10-90 nm | S. oneidensis MR-1 and yeast cells | S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa | T. roseum, P. chrysogenum, A. niger, C. herbarum and A. alternate | rhombohedral/ irregular and wormhole shaped | [214] | 
| Cu | 25 nm | Gloriosa superba | S. aureus and E. coli | Saprolegnia species | Cube and hemisphere shaped | [215] | 
| Pt | 4-13 nm | Diopyros kaki | E. coli and A. hydrophila | C. acutatum, P. drechsleri, C. fulvum, D. bryoniae and P. capsici | Spherical shaped | [216] |