Table 3.

Highlights illustrating the antimicrobial activities of synthesized M-NPs against microbial and fungal strains

NPs	Range (Size)	Source	Antibacterial activity	Antifungal activity	Shape(s)	References
CuO-chitosan	23.17 nm	Sterculia foetida	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis	A. terreus	Crystal shaped	[205]
Cu-chitosan	2–350 nm	Lawsonia inermis and Terminalia arjuna	S. paratyphi, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. choleraesuis, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa	F. oxysporum and P. capsici	Cube-shaped	[206]
Ag-NPs	10-20 nm	Medicago sativa, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eucalyptus macrocarpa, and Jatropha curcas	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), M. smegmatis, and S. mutans	M. luteus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. fumigates, A. niger, C. albicans and C. glabrata	Spherical and rod-shaped	[207]
ZnO	50-60 nm	Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and S. mutans	B. cinerea and P. expansum	Rectangular-shaped	[208]
MgO	36.7 nm	Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus blitum, and Andrographis paniculata	S. dysenteriae. S. aureus, and E. coli	C. albicans	Spherical, hexagonal-shaped	[209]
CaO Si	18.98 nm 100 nm	Chicken eggshell Sugarcane bagasse	E. coli, and S. epidermidis S. aureus, and E. coli	P. aeruginosa, and C. tropicalis A. solani	Fibre shaped Spherical shaped	[210]
TiO2	500 nm	Moringa oleifera and Morinda citrifolia	S. typhi, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae	C. albicans	Spherical shaped	[211]
Au-NPs AgO	20-100 nm 45 nm	Rhodococcus sp. Plectonema boryanum P. boryanum, Thermomonospora sp., S. mutans. F. oxysporum, and Cyanobacteria sp. Eupatorium odoratum and Artocarpus heterophyllus	S. mutans R. mucilaginosa, E. coli, Pseudomonas, P. mirabilis, E. faecalis, and S. aureus	Candida sp. A. niger, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus	Cubic, spherical, octahedral, hexagonal, pentagonal, truncated, and triangles Spherical and circular disc-shaped	[212]
Au-Pt	–	–	E. coli	–	Wire and chain shaped	[213]
Fe2O3	10-90 nm	S. oneidensis MR-1 and yeast cells	S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa	T. roseum, P. chrysogenum, A. niger, C. herbarum and A. alternate	rhombohedral/ irregular and wormhole shaped	[214]
Cu	25 nm	Gloriosa superba	S. aureus and E. coli	Saprolegnia species	Cube and hemisphere shaped	[215]
Pt	4-13 nm	Diopyros kaki	E. coli and A. hydrophila	C. acutatum, P. drechsleri, C. fulvum, D. bryoniae and P. capsici	Spherical shaped	[216]