Table 4.

Matrix components used during migration of metal particles and their effect on the growth of microbes

Matrix	Nanomaterial	Size	Analytical method used	Amount used	Migration amount	Effect	References
PE film PVA-Chitosan film	TiO2 TiO2	20-80 nm 17-170 nm	ICP-MS ICP-MS	250 µg/g Ti 0.1%w/v	AA: 0.23, 1.1, 2.0 E: 0.08, 0.10 and 0.35 Traces (4 × 10–3)	Suppress growth of Pseudomonas, Rhodotorula, and micro-organisms growth in packed pears UV barrier properties, reduction in the growth of for Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus	[187]
PLA	TiO2 and Ag	Nanosize	ICP-AES	0.5% w/w	AA < 0.59 E < 0.17	Inhibits physiological processes (respiration, ethylene production), growth of yeast, molds and maintain the quality of bayberries	[189]
PLA	TiO2 and Ag	10-15 nm	ICP-AES	3w/w	H:18.8–21.2	Hinder the oxidation of fish oil	[190]
LDPE	ZnO	20-400 nm	–	0.25% w/w	< 0.12	Inhibit the growth of Salmonella in liquid egg	[191]
LDPE	ZnO and Ag	70 nm ZnO, 10 nm Ag	ICP-MN	10%w/w	Zn-407, Ag < 0.17	Reduce the growth of E. coli and prevent phytodegradation	[192]
LDPE	CuO	50 nm	AAS	1%w/w	38	Decrease the growth of coliform bacteria and reduce microbial growth	[193]
PLA	Al2O3	25 nm	ICP-MS	25 nm coating	Al-500	Improve gas barrier properties	[194]
LDPE	Ag, TiO2 and SiO2	40–60 nm	ICP-MN	1% w/w	–	Lowers the respiration rate, ethylene scavenging and maintain the nutrient quality	[195]