Table 1.
Exosomal molecular contents.
| Molecules | Examples | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| cytosolic proteins | clathrin | exosome biogenesis | [40] |
| HSC70, HSP70, HSP60, HSP90 | exosome secretion and signaling | ||
| ALIX, YWHAE, ubiquitin, TSG101 | exosome biogenesis | ||
| cell surface proteins | CD63, CD9, CD81, CD37, CD68, CD82, LAMP-2B | exosome biogenesis | [40] |
| MHCI, MHCII | presentation of antigens to generate immune response | ||
| membrane-associated proteins | annexin I, II, IV, V, VII; RAB7, RAB11, RAB1B | biogenesis and exosome secretion | [53] |
| cytoskeletal proteins | tubulin, actin, cofilin, profilin I, elongation factor 1a, fibronectin | biogenesis and exosome secretion | [40] |
| enzymes | ATPase, pyruvate kinase, fatty acid synthase | metabolism | [40] |
| lipids | cholesterol | exosome secretion | [40,56] |
| gangliosides | exosomal rigidity | ||
| ceramides | classification of exosome loading and exosome secretion | ||
| phosphatidylserines | exosome formation, signaling and uptake | ||
| phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols | exosome formation and structure | ||
| glycosphingolipid, sphingomyelins | rigidity and signaling | ||
| nucleic acids | mRNA, miRNA, noncoding RNA, mtDNA | protein translation, gene regulation in host cells | [57] |
| metabolites | carboxylic acids, carnitines, biogenic amines, vitamins, cyclic alcohols. | metabolic products, homeostasis | [54] |