Table 4.
Associated factors of positive of long-term depression, anxiety, insomnia and any mental health symptoms during the course of COVID-19 in the multivariable generalized estimating equation models a.
| Factors | Depression | Anxiety | Insomnia | Any Mental Health Symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
| Gender: male (vs. female) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.30 | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 0.03 |
| Age(years) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.62 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.08 |
| Marital status: married (vs. unmarried) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.25 | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Family members of COVID-19 patients: yes (vs. no) | 1.79 (1.38–2.33) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.37–2.22) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.43–2.42) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.61–2.74) | <0.001 |
| Experiences of quarantine: yes (vs. no) | 1.35 (1.25–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.24–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.20–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.22–1.41) | <0.001 |
| Living in province most severely affected by initial peak: yes (vs. no) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 0.002 | 1.32 (1.14–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 0.03 | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) | 0.01 |
| Self-perceived occupational exposure risk to COVID-19: yes (vs. no) | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.26–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | 0.002 | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) | <0.001 |
| Living in places with COVID-19 resurgences: yes (vs. no) | 1.36 (1.24–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.18–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.25–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.26–1.50) | <0.001 |
| Increases in work burden after resuming work: yes (vs. no) | 1.79 (1.66–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.64–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.66–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.65–1.90) | <0.001 |
| Wearing face masks voluntarily when going out: yes (vs. no) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.59–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 0.003 | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) | 0.003 |
| Reducing social gatherings voluntarily: yes (vs. no) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.004 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.16 | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 0.003 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.22 |
| Seeking psychological consultation since COVID-19: yes (vs. no) | 2.81 (2.55–3.10) | <0.001 | 2.78 (2.52–3.06) | <0.001 | 2.36 (2.14–2.60) | <0.001 | 2.57 (2.33–2.85) | <0.001 |
a Values were from multivariable generalized estimating equation models with binomial distribution, the survey order as repeated effect and within-subject effect, and participant-specific ID code as covariate factor, using an autoregressive correlation structure. All factors considered that showed significance in the univariable generalized estimating equation models were entered into the multivariable models.