Table 5.
Associated factors of scores of depression, anxiety and insomnia symptoms during the course of COVID-19 in the multivariable generalized linear mixed models a.
| Factors | Depression | Anxiety | Insomnia | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | p-Value | b (SE) | p-Value | b (SE) | p-Value | |
| Gender: male (vs. female) | 0.37 (0.08) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.39 | 0.34 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | −0.02 (0.01) | <0.001 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.007 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.15 |
| Marital status: married (vs unmarried) | −0.38 (0.11) | <0.001 | −0.02 (0.09) | 0.82 | −0.70 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| Family members of COVID-19 patients: yes (vs. no) | 1.48 (0.30) | <0.001 | 1.44 (0.25) | <0.001 | 1.99 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Experiences of quarantine: yes (vs. no) | 0.74 (0.08) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Living in province most severely affected by initial peak: yes (vs. no) | 0.81 (0.18) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.16) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.20) | <0.001 |
| Self-perceived occupational exposure risk to COVID-19: yes (vs. no) | 0.87 (0.12) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.10) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.13) | 0.003 |
| Living in places with COVID-19 resurgences: yes (vs. no) | 0.69 (0.10) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.09) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| Increases in work burden after resuming work: yes (vs. no) | 1.07 (0.08) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.07) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Wearing face masks voluntarily when going out: yes (vs. no) | −0.93 (0.23) | <0.001 | −0.56 (0.20) | 0.004 | −0.72 (0.24) | 0.003 |
| Reducing social gatherings voluntarily: yes (vs. no) | −0.51 (0.14) | <0.001 | −0.15 (0.12) | 0.21 | −0.22 (0.15) | 0.14 |
| Seeking psychological consultation since COVID-19: yes (vs. no) | 2.72 (0.12) | <0.001 | 2.03 (0.11) | <0.001 | 1.82 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Educational level × time: college school or higher (vs. lower than college school) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.003 | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.001 |
| Living in places with COVID-19 resurgences × time: yes (vs. no) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.003 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.002 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.10 |
| Increases in work burden after resuming work × time: yes (vs. no) | 0.04 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.04 | 0.09 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Wearing face masks voluntarily when going out × time: yes (vs. no) | −0.07 (0.03) | 0.005 | −0.07 (0.03) | 0.02 | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.17 |
| Reducing social gatherings voluntarily × time: yes (vs. no) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.15 | −0.05 (0.02) | 0.003 | −0.08 (0.02) | <0.001 |
| Seeking psychological consultation since COVID-19 × time: yes (vs. no) | 0.21 (0.02) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.02) | <0.001 | 0.21 (0.02) | <0.001 |
a Values were from multivariable generalized linear mixed models with random within-subject intercepts and autoregressive covariance structures. The multivariable models included fixed effects for time (coded as 0 at baseline, and 5 at follow-up), as well as all factors and their interaction terms with time that showed significance in their individual univariable generalized linear mixed models.