Table 2.
Landscape of TERTp mutations in HCC.
| Region | Etiology (N) |
C228T Incidence % (N) |
C250T Incidence % (N) |
Association * | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Asia (2) Africa (3) Europe |
52.3% HBV, rest unknown (regions 1–3) (44) |
(1) 16% (3) (2) 33% (5) (3) 20% (2) |
(1) 5% (1) (2) 20% (3) (3) 10% (1) |
↑ frequency in Africans vs. non-Africans (p = 0.056) and in HBV− vs. HBV+ (p = 0.295) (regions 1–3) | [48] |
| Southern Italy | (67) | 41.8% (28) | 0% (0) | ↑ TERT expression in mutated tumors vs. control tissue (p < 0.0001) | [41] |
| Southern Italy | 7.9% HBV+, 86.6% HCV+ (127) | 48.8% (62) | 1.6% (2) | ↑ frequency in HCV+ vs. HBV+ (p < 0.001) | [43] |
| Germany | (78) | 47.4% (37) | [49] | ||
| France, Italy and Spain | 14% HBV+, 26% HCV+ (243) | 54.3% (132) | 2% (5) | [6] | |
| France | 22% HBV+, 26% HCV+ (305) | 55% (168) | 3.6% (11) | ↑ frequency in males vs. females (p = 0.001) and in HBV− vs. HBV+ (p < 0.0001); ↑ TERT expression in mutated HCC vs. normal liver, cirrhosis, and HCA (p = 0.0007) | [5] |
| USA | 24.6% HBV+, 26% HCV+ (61) | 42.6% (26) | 1.6% (1) | no correlation with etiology, sex, age, or ethnicity | [50] |
| (1) USA (2) Japan |
(1) 14.6% HBV+, 57% HCV+ (89) (2) 28.6% HBV+, 37% HCV+ (374) |
(1) 34.8% (31) (2) 55.6% (208) |
(1) 2.2% (2) (2) 2.4% (9) |
↑ frequency in HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.0016) | [7,42] |
| China | 94% HBV+ (276) | 30.5% (84) | 0.36% (1) | ↑ frequency in older vs. younger age (p = 0.04); no correlation with sex or etiology | [51] |
| China | (35) | 25.7% (9) | 5.7% (2) | [52] | |
| China | 83% HBV+ (190) | 26.3% (50) | 3.7% (7) | no correlation with age, sex, etiology, or tumor status | [53] |
| Japan | (11) | 81.8% (9) | [54] | ||
| Japan | 23% HBV+, 61.6% HCV+ (125) | 66.4% (83) | 1.6% (2) | ↑ frequency in HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.0007) and in viral vs. non-viral (p = 0.0282) | [45] |
| South Korea | 36% HBV+, 3% HCV+ (160) | 20% (32) | 8.75% (14) | ↑ frequency in males vs. females (p = 0.027) and in HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.285); no association with telomere length or HCC prognosis | [35] |
| South Korea | 74% HBV+, 5.7% HCV+ (105) | 37% (39) | 1.9% (2) | ↑ frequency in HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.001) | [46] |
| Taiwan | 63% HBV+, 40.2% HCV+ (195) | 27.7% (54) | 1.5% (3) | ↑ frequency in HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.0048), older vs. younger age (p = 0.0122), and HBV− vs. HBV+ (p = 0.0007) | [34] |
| USA, Canada, South Korea, Vietnam, and Russia | 22.4% HBV+, 17.8% HCV+ (196) | 40.8% (80) | 3.6% (7) | ↑ frequency in older vs. younger age (p = 0.0006), males vs. females (p = 0.006), HCV+ vs. HCV− (p = 0.04), and HBV− vs. HBV+ (p = 0.02); no association with TERT expression | [44] |
*: ↑, increased or higher.