Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Lean Subjects (n = 42) |
MHO (n = 48) |
MUO (n = 86) |
T2D (n = 31) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, m/f | 19/23 | 18/30 | 53/33 | 15/16 | - |
| Age, yr | 42 ± 2 | 38 ± 1 | 46 ± 1 ‡ | 56 ± 2 § | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23 ± 1 | 37 ± 1 *† | 38 ± 1 *† | 33 ± 1 * | <0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 81 ± 2 | 118 ± 2 * | 118 ± 2 * | 111 ± 3 * | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 86 ± 1 | 94 ± 1 *† | 107 ± 1 § | 84 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 86 ± 1 | 90 ± 1 | 112 ± 4 *‡ | 171 ± 11 § | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 173 ± 4 | 182 ± 5 | 204 ± 6 § | 167 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 109 ± 4 | 113 ± 4 | 133 ± 6 § | 103 ± 7 | 0.002 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 50 ± 2 | 50 ± 2 | 42 ± 2 *‡ | 45 ± 2 | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 92 ± 8 | 97 ± 5 | 182 ± 12 § | 116 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 7 ± 1 | 14 ± 2 * | 15 ± 1 * | 18 ± 3 * | <0.001 |
| HOMA | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 * | 4.6 ± 0.5 * | 7.3 ± 1.5 § | <0.001 |
Data are Expressed as Mean ± SEM. Comparisons were performed using a one-way analysis of variance. MHO indicates metabolically healthy obesity; MUO indicates metabolic unhealthy obesity; T2D indicates type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, HOMA index of insulin resistance. * p < 0.05 vs. lean subjects, ‡ p < 0.05 vs. MHO, † p < 0.05 vs. T2D, § p < 0.05 vs. all other groups at a one-way analysis of variance with a Holm–Sidak post hoc test for multiple comparisons; - means that statistical analysis on group differences in gender was not performed.