PF alleviates endothelial glycocalyx injury in vivo. (A) Transmission electron microscopy of glomeruli extracted from different groups of animals. (B) The number of glomerular endothelial fenestrations. (C) FITC-WGA staining for endothelial glycocalyx in the glomerulus. Magnification, x400. (D) Quantification analysis of FITC-WGA staining. (E) Immunohistochemical images of p-AMPKα (Thr-172). Magnification, x400. (F) Quantification analysis of immunohistochemical staining of p-AMPKα (Thr-172). (G) Immunohistochemical staining of Hpa-1. Magnification, x400. (H) Quantification analysis of immunohistochemical staining of Hpa-1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three repeats. **P<0.01, ***P<0.01 vs. the control group; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs. the model group. PF, piperazine ferulate; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin; p-, phosphorylated-; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Hpa-1, heparanase-1.