Table 1.
Homogeneity test for general characteristics and dependent variables at baseline between two groups.
| Variables | Experimental Group (n = 94) |
Control Group (n = 130) |
t or x2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | n (%) or Mean ± SD | ||||
| Age | 75.37 ± 5.89 | 74.72 ± 5.68 | 0.83 | 0.407 | |
| Sex | Male | 5 (5.3) | 15 (11.5) | 2.60 | 0.154 |
| Female | 89 (94.7) | 115 (88.5) | |||
| Education Level | None (cannot read-write) | 18 (19.1) | 29 (22.3) | 1.62 † | 0.915 |
| None (read only) | 26 (27.7) | 31 (23.8) | |||
| None (can read-write) | 17 (18.1) | 27 (20.8) | |||
| Elementary school | 25 (26.6) | 34 (26.2) | |||
| Middle school | 3 (3.2) | 5 (3.8) | |||
| High school | 5 (5.3) | 4 (3.1) | |||
| Economic status | Affordable | 11 (11.7) | 20 (15.4) | 4.86 | 0.090 |
| Moderate | 70 (74.5) | 79 (60.8) | |||
| Insufficient | 13 (13.8) | 31 (23.8) | |||
| Income level | Basic livelihood security recipient | 1 (1.1) | 7 (5.4) | 4.09 † | 0.125 |
| Next lowest income bracket | 16 (17.0) | 29 (22.3) | |||
| General income earner | 77 (81.9) | 94 (72.3) | |||
| Marital status | Married | 46 (48.9) | 62 (47.7) | 2.40 † | 0.531 |
| Divorced/Separated | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Bereaved | 47 (50.0) | 66 (50.8) | |||
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.21 ± 8.96 | 87.70 ± 8.56 | 1.27 | 0.204 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.68 ± 16.28 | 131.80 ± 17.50 | 0.82 | 0.415 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.34 ± 10.74 | 77.38 ± 9.19 | 0.72 | 0.475 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 184.79 ± 37.46 | 194.63 ± 42.30 | −1.80 | 0.073 | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.74 ± 3.44 | 24.65 ± 3.38 | 0.19 | 0.853 | |
| Cognitive function | 23.22 ± 3.94 | 23.61 ± 4.13 | −0.70 | 0.484 | |
| Depression | 3.02 ± 2.87 | 3.58 ± 3.64 | −1.29 | 0.197 | |
| Upper limb strength (frequency) | 16.13 ± 4.70 | 16.51 ± 5.00 | −0.58 | 0.565 | |
| Upper body flexibility (cm) | −16.69 ± 12.27 | −12.63 ± 18.06 | −2.01 | 0.046 | |
| Lower limb strength (frequency) | 12.09 ± 3.41 | 11.51 ± 4.10 | 1.15 | 0.266 | |
| Balance (sec) | 15.65 ± 22.69 | 14.12 ± 20.90 | 0.52 | 0.604 | |
| Mobility (sec) | 11.03 ± 4.21 | 11.81 ± 5.33 | −1.17 | 0.241 | |
† Fisher’s exact test; SD = standard deviation.