Table 3.

Effects of music therapy on frailty, MMSE, BMI, physical fitness, and depression in the community-dwelling elders.

	Group (Ref. = Comparison Group)
	Pre-Mean		Post-Mean		F	p Value	Effect Size
Variable	Intervention	Comparison	Intervention	Comparison
Kihon posttest score	8.08	6.57	5.20	7.31	63.509	<0.001	0.350
Posttest BMI (kg/m2)	23.58	23.82	23.78	23.78	0.000	0.997	<0.001
Posttest total score of physical fitness	18.37	16.45	21.21	16.70	89.260	<0.001	0.431
Physical fitness sub-items
1 Posttest lower limb muscle endurance (times)	13.61	14.00	17.20	13.26	63.261	<0.001	0.349
2.Pretest upper limb muscle endurance test (times)	18.74	16.27	20.67	17.08	29.679	<0.001	0.201
3 Cardiorespiratory endurance (times)	66.48	78.57	83.40	71.59	18.263	<0.001	0.134
4 Posttest lower limb flexibility-right (cm)	−1.95	−2.47	0.84	−2.47	53.289	<0.001	0.311
5 Posttest lower limb flexibility-left (cm)	−1.61	−3.12	0.53	−2.92	41.138	<0.001	0.259
6 Posttest static body balance-right (s)	11.32	16.13	18.78	13.09	16.503	<0.001	0.123
7. Posttest static body balance-left (s)	10.36	12.41	16.32	11.53	8.148	0.005	0.065
8. Posttest upper limb flexibility (cm)	−8.41	−8.53	−6.43	−8.81	17.483	<0.001	0.129
9. Posttest functional mobility (s)	13.11	10.68	10.44	12.52	63.878	<0.001	0.351
MMSE posttest score	26.74	26.88	27.72	26.63	21.029	<0.001	0.151
Geriatric depression posttest score	2.18	1.55	1.52	2.13	23.484	<0.001	0.166