Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 746) | DPG (n = 250) | PG (n = 248) | CG (n = 248) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Males | 344 (46.1%) | 114 (45.6%) | 115 (46.4%) | 115 (46.4%) | 0.980 # |
| Females | 402 (53.9%) | 136 (54.4%) | 133 (53.6%) | 133 (53.6%) | |
| Age (year) | 70.1 ± 5.3 | 70.3 ± 5.5 | 69.7 ± 5.3 | 70.2 ± 5.3 | 0.425 * |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Single | 10 (1.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | 3 (1.2%) | 5 (2.0%) | 0.407 # |
| Married | 623 (83.5%) | 216 (86.4%) | 201 (83.1%) | 206 (83.1%) | |
| Divorced | 14 (1.9%) | 4 (1.6%) | 8 (3.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Widowed | 97 (13.0%) | 27 (10.8%) | 35 (14.1%) | 35 (14.1%) | |
| Separated | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| Elementary school or below | 140 (18.8%) | 46 (18.4%) | 46 (18.5%) | 48 (19.4%) | 0.985 # |
| Middle or high school | 456 (61.1%) | 153 (61.2%) | 150 (60.5%) | 153 (61.7%) | |
| University studies | 150 (20.1%) | 51 (20.4%) | 52 (21.0%) | 47 (19.0%) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Smoker | 111 (14.9%) | 28 (11.2%) | 40 (16.1%) | 43 (17.3%) | 0.114 # |
| Former smoker | 105 (14.1%) | 35 (14.0%) | 42 (16.9%) | 28 (11.3%) | |
| Non-smoker | 530 (71.0%) | 187 (74.8%) | 166 (66.9%) | 177 (71.4%) | |
| City, n (%) | |||||
| Jinan | 113 (15.1%) | 38 (15.2%) | 35 (14.1%) | 40 (16.1%) | 0.988 # |
| Taiyuan | 159 (21.3%) | 51 (20.4%) | 55 (22.2%) | 53 (21.4%) | |
| Nanchang | 181 (24.3%) | 61 (24.4%) | 56 (22.6%) | 64 (25.8%) | |
| Hefei | 159 (21.3%) | 55 (22.0%) | 55 (22.2%) | 49 (19.8%) | |
| Guangzhou | 134 (18.0%) | 45 (18.0%) | 47 (19.0%) | 42 (16.9%) | |
| Height (cm) | 159.6 ± 8.0 | 159.7 ± 8.0 | 159.7 ± 8.1 | 159.5 ± 7.8 | 0.935 * |
| Weight (kg) | 70.6 ± 9.6 | 70.6 ± 9.1 | 70.5 ± 9.7 | 70.9 ± 10.0 | 0.895 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 2.6 | 27.6 ± 2.3 | 27.6 ± 2.9 | 27.8 ± 2.7 | 0.634 * |
| <28 | 468 (62.7%) | 153 (61.2%) | 165 (66.5%) | 150 (60.5%) | 0.314 # |
| ≥28 | 278 (37.3%) | 97 (38.8%) | 83 (33.5%) | 98 (39.5%) | |
| WC (cm) | 94.8 ± 8.0 | 93.9 ± 8.1 | 95.2 ± 7.9 | 95.2 ± 7.9 | 0.124 * |
| HC (cm) | 102.3 ± 6.4 | 101.9 ± 6.0 | 102.1 ± 6.3 | 103.0 ± 6.8 | 0.149 * |
DPG: dietary and physical activity interventions group; PG: physical activity interventions group; CG: control group; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference. * p values calculated by ANOVA, # p values calculated by analysis of χ2 tests.