Figure 1.

Therapeutic molecules modulating innate immune cells in multiple sclerosis (MS): (A) Cellular responses in the presence of myelin debris and hyperactivation of innate immune cells against myelin leading to oligodendrocyte degeneration. (B) Injections of macrophage colony stimulating factor (mCSF) trigger microglial proliferation and peripheral infiltration, improving myelin debris removal and remyelination and regeneration of oligodendrocytes. (C) Injections of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induce the switch of monocytes Ly6C^hi to Ly6C^low, improving myelin debris removal.