Table 2.

Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI for the association of ARI and ALRI in children aged under five years with biomass cooking compared to cleaner cooking.

	ARI (N = 298,379)		ALRI (N = 298,126)
	AOR (95%CI)	p Value	AOR (95%CI)	p Value
Cooking energy source
Clean	Ref.		Ref.
Biomass	1.17 (1.09–1.25)	<0.001	1.16 (1.07–1.25)	<0.001
Child age (years)
<1	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.024	0.86 (0.82–0.91)	<0.001
1	Ref.		Ref.
2	0.85 (0.81–0.88)	<0.001	0.79 (0.75–0.84)	<0.001
3	0.74 (0.71–0.78)	<0.001	0.66 (0.62–0.70)	<0.001
4	0.64 (0.61–0.67)	<0.001	0.56 (0.52–0.59)	<0.001
Sex of child
Female	Ref.		Ref.
Male	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	0.001	1.06 (1.02–1.10)	0.002
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	Ref.		Ref.
Caesarean	1.07 (1.01–1.14)	0.02	1.02 (0.94–1.09)	0.67
Maternal age (Years)
15–24	Ref.		Ref.
25–35	0.95 (0.92–0.99)	0.011	0.99 (0.95–1.04)	0.703
36–49	0.93 (0.89–0.98)	0.009	0.98 (0.92–1.05)	0.585
Maternal level of education
No education	Ref.		Ref.
Primary	1.22 (1.15–1.28)	<0.001	1.18 (1.11–1.26)	<0.001
Secondary or Higher	1.13 (1.07–1.20)	<0.001	1.06 (0.99–1.14)	0.103
Household wealth index
Lowest	Ref.		Ref.
Low	0.99 (0.94–1.04)	0.624	0.95 (0.90–1.01)	0.091
Middle	0.98 (0.93–1.04)	0.509	0.93 (0.87–1.00)	0.04
High	0.92 (0.87–0.99)	0.018	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	<0.001
Highest	0.87 (0.80–0.94)	0.001	0.78 (0.71–0.86)	<0.001
Place of residence
Rural	Ref.		Ref.
Urban	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	0.387	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	0.755
Number of households members
≤6	Ref.		Ref.
≥6	0.99 (0.95–1.02)	0.440	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.367
Cooking location
Indoors	Ref.		Ref.
Outdoors	0.97 (0.93–1.02)	0.223	0.99 (0.93–1.04)	0.629

Abbreviation: N = number of observations, AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. Ref. = Reference group. The bold is for the results to illustrate significant results below p = 0.05. Unadjusted results: Appendix A: Table A1.