Table A3.
Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI for the association of ARI and ALRI in children aged under five years with biomass cooking compared to cleaner cooking, where kerosene is classified as a cleaner energy source.
| ARI | ALRI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95%CI) | p Value | |
| N = 298,379 | N = 298,126 | |||
| Cooking energy source | ||||
| Clean | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Biomass | 1.20 (1.12–1.27) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | <0.001 |
| Child age (years) | ||||
| <1 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.024 | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | <0.001 |
| 1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2 | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.52–0.59) | <0.001 |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Male | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | <0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Caesarean | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 0.018 | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.646 |
| Maternal age (Years) | ||||
| 15–24 | ||||
| 25–35 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.011 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.719 |
| 36–49 | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.009 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.59 |
| Maternal level of education | ||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Primary | 1.22 (1.16–1.29) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.11–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Secondary or Higher | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.088 |
| Household wealth index | ||||
| Lowest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.657 | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.101 |
| Middle | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.577 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.05 |
| High | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.031 | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Highest | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | <0.001 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Urban | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.617 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.537 |
| Number of households members | ||||
| ≤6 | ||||
| ≥6 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.341 | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.295 |
| Cooking location | ||||
| Indoors | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Outdoors | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.165 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.528 |
| Sub-analysis * | ||||
| Urban areas only (n = 101,444) | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 0.003 |
| Rural areas only (n = 196,682) | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 0.002 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 0.024 |
Abbreviation: N = number of observations, AOR = Adjusted Odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. Ref. = Reference group. * Results for Sub-analysis are biomass cooking compared to cleaner cooking. n = Number of observations within the sub-analysis. The bold is for the results to illustrate significant results below p = 0.05.