Table 1.
Anthropometric, hemodynamic and metabolic data in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese children (OW/OB).
| Variables | NW | OW/OB | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Height (cm) | 158.9 ± 12.2 | 157.6 ± 11.6 | 0.549 |
| Weight (kg) | 48.9 ± 11.3 | 72.3 ± 18.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.07 ± 2.04 | 28.8 ± 5.51 | <0.001 |
| BMI z score (-) | 0.11 ± 0.65 | 2.75 ± 1.09 | <0.001 |
| Triponderal Mass Index (kg/m3) | 12.01 ± 0.95 | 18.34 ± 3.56 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 72.0 ± 10.1 | 94.2 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| WHtR (-) | 0.41 ± 0.14 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat (cm) | 2.14 ± 0.71 | 4.08 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm) | 1.03 ± 0.51 | 3.49 ± 0.98 | <0.001 |
| SAP (mmHg) | 107.4 ± 11.6 | 113.7 ± 10.2 | 0.003 |
| DAP (mmHg) | 63.8 ± 6.6 | 66.5 ± 6.3 | 0.032 |
| SAP (percentile) | 43.9 ± 26.9 | 62.6 ± 29.2 | <0.001 |
| DAP (percentile) | 48.5 ± 19.3 | 58.2 ± 17.3 | 0.006 |
| HR (b/min) | 71.8 ± 9.5 | 70.0 ± 9.9 | 0.324 |
| LV mass (g) | 119.4 ± 43.0 | 122.9 ± 36.0 | 0.716 |
| RHI (-) | 1.86 ± 0.48 | 1.59 ± 0.44 | 0.037 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 130.5 ± 39.7 | 165.8 ± 35.9 | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 73.4 ± 32.8 | 100.4 ± 30.8 | 0.003 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.8 ± 12.5 | 47.3 ± 12.2 | 0.868 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 20.0 | 89.8 ± 68.0 | 0.030 |
| TryGI (mg/dL)2 | 7.62 ± 0.44 | 7.96 ± 0.58 | 0.145 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 78.5 ± 7.7 | 79.0 ± 11.0 | 0.935 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 48.0 ± 18.4 | 128.7 ± 83.6 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.16 ± 0.28 | 5.43 ± 0.31 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-iR | 0.89 ± 0.31 | 2.25 ± 1.41 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as means ± SD. Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; WHtR = waist/height ratio; SAP = systolic arterial pressure, DAP = diastolic arterial pressure, HR = heart rate, LV = left ventricle; RHI = reactive hyperemia index; LDL = low density lipoproteins; HDL = high density lipoproteins; TryGI = triglyceride-glucose index; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.