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. 2021 Aug 18;9(8):1040. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9081040

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Identification of endogenous hormone for induction of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) secretion. (A) Effect of short-term (3 h) treatment of hormones on APE1/Ref-1 levels in the culture media of vascular endothelial cells. (B) Effect of short-term (3 h) treatment of hormones on cell viability of vascular endothelial cells. (C) Effect of long-term (24 h) treatment of hormones on APE1/Ref-1 levels in the culture media of vascular endothelial cells. (D) Effect of long-term (24 h) treatment of hormones on cell viability of vascular endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells were treated with each hormone for 3 h or 24 h. APE1/Ref-1 levels in culture supernatant were measured using an APE1/Ref-1 sandwich ELISA assay as describe Material and Methods. Columns, mean (n = 4–5); dot plot, SE. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference compared to the control cells (Basal) according to an unpaired t-test.