Figure 5.

Effects of TT-1 (100 and 200 mg/kg) or TT-2 (300 mg/kg) treatments on improvements in learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced amnesiac mice (six heads/group). (A) The experimental protocol, which included three treatment groups, one donepezil-positive control group, one control group, and one blank group; (B) the step-through latency (sec) in the passive avoidance test; (C) the swimming time in the target quadrant (% of total) in the probe test of the Morris water maze; (D) the crossing numbers in the target quadrant (% of total) in the probe test of the Morris water maze. The mice in the control group were injected with scopolamine only in the parallel experiment. Comparisons among multiple groups in the step-through latency (B) were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey’s test, and the different uppercase letters in the step-through latency in the acquisition trial or the different lowercase letters in the retention trial were considered significantly different (p < 0.05) among groups. Student’s t-test was used to compare treated groups with the control group in the probe test of the Morris water maze (C,D), and any difference was considered statistically significant when p < 0.05 (*).