Table 3.

The effect of HBOT on angiogenesis markers.

Main Aspect	Associated Markers	Stimulating Effect	No Effect	Inhibiting Effect
Growth factors/ cytokines	Vascular endothelial growth factor	[45,62,84,125,130,138,141,142]	[50,51,113,120,127,137,143,144,145,146]	[132]
	(basic) Fibroblast growth factor	[45,141]	[102,111,147,148]	[141,143]
	Platelet-derived growth factor		[45,111]	[111]
	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein	[125]	[67,125]	[67]
	Epidermal growth factor	[45]	[50,111,135,136]
	Insulin-like growth factor-2		[67]
	Hematopoietic growth factor	[130,141]	[136]
	Keratinocyte growth factor	[141]
	Placental growth factor	[40,141]		[141]
	Tumor growth factor-α		[111]
	Tumor growth factor-β		[112,147,148]	[115,136]
	Angiopoietin	[84]	[144]
	Erythropoietin			[145]
	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor		[111,112]
	Stromal cell-derived factor-1α	[130]
Cytokine receptors	Tie-2		[144]
	Erythropoietin-receptor		[37]
Proteases	Matrix metalloproteinase-3			[52,54,72]
	Matrix metalloproteinase-9			[52]
	Matrix metalloproteinase-13			[52]
Transcription factors	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α		[125]	[47,130,132]
Downstream effectors	Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)	[48]
	AKT	[48]		[53]
	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)			[44,52,71,72]
	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)	[142]	[44]	[52,53,71]