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. 2021 Jul 21;11(8):959. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11080959

Table A1.

Study selection, characteristics.

Study Group HRV Analysis Measurement N Age (y) N Age (y) Disease Hoehn/Yahr
Parameter Duration (PD) (PD) (HC) (HC) Duration (y) Stage
Allan (2006) [18] PD patients with dementia HFms2 short 40 72 38 76 5.0 na
Arnao (2020), 1 [19] ambulatory setting, daytime RMSSD, pNN50 long 18 56 18 56 5.0 na
Arnao (2020), 2 [19] ambulatory setting, nighttime RMSSD, pNN50 long 18 56 18 56 5.0 na
Asahina (2014) [20] PD patients, early untreated HFms2 short 50 64 20 64 1.8 1.6
Barbic (2007), 1 [21] PD patients without orthostatic hypotension HFms2, HFnu short 19 66 20 64 7.5 2.7
Barbic (2007), 2 [21] PD patients with orthostatic hypotension HFms2, HFnu short 21 69 20 64 10.5 2.8
Bouhaddi (2004), 1 [22] involvement of L-dopa therapy, newly diagnosed without L-dopa HFms2 short 9 61 9 63 1.2 1.0
Bouhaddi (2004), 2 [22] involvement of L-dopa therapy, newly diagnosed with L-dopa HFms2 short 9 61 9 63 1.2 1.0
Bouhaddi (2004), 3 [22] involvement of L-dopa therapy, long-term treated without L-dopa HFms2 short 18 69 9 63 6.0 2.0
Bouhaddi (2004), 4 [22] involvement of L-dopa therapy, long-term treated with L-dopa HFms2 short 18 69 9 63 6.0 2.0
Brisinda (2013), 1 [23] PD patients, frequency analysis, during sleep HFms2, HFnu short 23 63 40 na na 2.0
Brisinda (2013), 2 [23] PD patients, frequency analysis, daily activity HFms2, HFnu short 23 63 40 na na 2.0
Brisinda (2013), 3 [23] PD patients, time-domain analysis RMSSD, pNN50 long 23 63 40 na na 2.0
Brown (2012), 1 [24] resting condition, compared to older healthy controls HFms2, HFnu short 25 na 28 na na na
Brown (2012), 2 [24] deep breathing, compared to older healthy controls HFms2, HFnu short 25 na 28 na na na
Buob (2010) [25] early stages of PD RMSSD long 7 50 7 50 4.0 na
Carricarte (2019), 1 [26] PD patients, LRRK2-associated HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD short 14 63 27 59 10.8 na
Carricarte (2019), 2 [26] PD patients, idiopathic HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD short 20 64 27 59 6.3 na
Delgado (2014), 1 [27] Mexican PD patients, supine resting HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 20 61 20 38 3.7 na
Delgado (2014), 2 [27] Mexican PD patients, active standing HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 20 61 20 38 3.7 na
Delgado (2014), 3 [27] Mexican PD patients, controlled breathing HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 20 61 20 38 3.7 na
Devos (2003), 1 [28] untreated PD patients, disease duration less than 2 years, daytime HFms2 long 10 60 10 61 1.5 na
Devos (2003), 2 [28] untreated PD patients, disease duration less than 2 years, nighttime HFms2, pNN50 long 10 60 10 61 1.5 na
Devos (2003), 3 [28] treated PD patients, disease duration more than 2 years, daytime HFms2 long 10 63 10 61 8.0 na
Devos (2003), 4 [28] treated PD patients, disease duration more than 2 years, nighttime HFms2, pNN50 long 10 63 10 61 8.0 na
Devos (2003), 5 [28] treated PD patients, advanced PD with motor complications, daytime HFms2 long 10 62 10 61 8.6 na
Devos (2003), 6 [28] treated PD patients, advanced PD with motor complications, nighttime HFms2, pNN50 long 10 62 10 61 8.6 na
Gjerloff (2015) [29] association with Donepezil positron emission tomography HFms2, RMSSD short 12 64 12 62 5.3 2.2
Haapaniemi (2001) [30] ambulatory setting, 24 h HFms2 long 54 61 47 60 1.7 1.5 #
Harnod (2014) [31] association with motor symptom duration HF (ln) * short 32 62 32 na 9.8 2.7
Jain (2011) [32] association with pupil measures HF (*10−1s2/Hz) * short 17 65 18 60 na 1.7
Jaipurkar (2018), 1 [33] PD patients, supine resting HFms2 * short 31 61 31 60 3.6 na
Jaipurkar (2018), 2 [33] PD patients, head-up tilt table test HFms2 * short 31 61 31 60 3.6 na
Kallio (2000), 1 [34] PD patients, untreated RMSSD short 50 60 55 56 2.2 1.7
Kallio (2000), 2 [34] PD patients, untreated, fast Fourier transform analysis HFnu, pNN50 short 20 na 24 na na na
Kallio (2002) [35] PD patients, untreated, fast Fourier transform analysis HFms2, HFnu short 32 58 24 54 na na
Kallio (2004), 1 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, awake HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kallio (2004), 2 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, REM HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kallio (2004), 3 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, sleep stage 1 HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kallio (2004), 4 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, sleep stage 2 HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kallio (2004), 5 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, sleep stage 3 HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kallio (2004), 6 [36] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, sleep stage 4 HFms2, HFnu long 21 58 22 56 1.8 1.5
Kanegusuku (2017), 1 [37] effect of progressive resistance training, PD training group HFnu short 15 67 16 68 8.5 2.5
Kanegusuku (2017), 2 [37] effect of progressive resistance training, PD control group HFnu short 12 63 16 68 9.0 2.4
Kang (2012) [38] association with olfactory dysfunction HFms2 * short 15 66 18 60 na 1.7
Katagiri (2015) [39] association with myocardial scintigraphy HFms2 short 50 66 50 67 na na
Ke (2017) [40] association with sympathetic skin response HFms2, RMSSD, pNN50 long 48 69 30 63 5.4 na
Kim (2016), 1 [41] PD patients, mild stage RMSSD, pNN50 long 106 66 25 67 2.2 1.1
Kim (2016), 2 [41] PD patients, moderate stage RMSSD, pNN50 long 51 72 25 67 4.5 2.2
Kim (2016), 3 [41] PD patients, severe stage RMSSD, pNN50 long 31 71 25 67 5.8 3.2
Kiyono (2012) [42] ambulatory setting, daytime HF (ln) *, RMSSD long 10 69 60 69 10.7 3.6
Liou (2013), 1 [43] association with electroencephalography, quiet breathing HFnu short 26 67 23 65 2.6 1.3
Liou (2013), 2 [43] association with electroencephalography, deep breathing HFnu short 26 67 23 65 2.6 1.3
Maetzler (2015) [44] association with sympathetic skin response, metronomic breathing HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 45 66 26 65 3.8 2.1
Meco (2000), 1 [45] effect of treatment with Tolcapone (before treatment), daytime HFms2 long 7 70 7 na 14.1 2.1
Meco (2000), 2 [45] effect of treatment with Tolcapone (before treatment), nighttime HFms2 long 7 70 7 na 14.1 2.1
Mihci (2006) [46] ambulatory setting, 24 h RMSSD, pNN50 long 23 66 15 67 5.5 2.5 #
Niwa (2011), 1 [47] PD patients, early stage, daytime HFms2 long 9 71 30 69 4.8 na
Niwa (2011), 2 [47] PD patients, early stage, nighttime HFms2 long 9 71 30 69 4.8 na
Niwa (2011), 3 [47] PD patients, advanced stage, daytime HFms2 long 18 69 30 69 7.1 na
Niwa (2011), 4 [47] PD patients, advanced stage, nighttime HFms2 long 18 69 30 69 7.1 na
Pursiainen (2002), 1 [48] PD patients, untreated, daytime HFms2 long 44 63 43 60 1.7 1.8
Pursiainen (2002), 2 [48] PD patients, untreated, nighttime HFms2 long 44 63 43 60 1.7 1.8
Pyatigorskaya (2016), 1 [49] association with magnetic resonance imaging, slow wave sleep HFnu long 47 62 23 60 na 2.0
Pyatigorskaya (2016), 2 [49] association with magnetic resonance imaging, REM sleep HFnu long 47 62 23 60 na 2.0
Rocchi (2018) [50] comparison to second control group (REM sleep behavior disorder) HFnu short 17 68 12 69 2.3 na
Rocha (2018) [51] effect of game therapy training (before training) HFnu, RMSSD short 31 78 40 72 8.0 2.0
Sauvageot (2011), 1 [52] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, Non REM HFnu, pNN50 long 35 66 35 65 6.6 2.4
Sauvageot (2011), 2 [52] association with nocturnal sleep patterns, REM HFnu, pNN50 long 35 66 35 65 6.6 2.4
Solla (2015), 1 [53] PD patients, tremor dominant subtype HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 long 17 63 17 65 6.0 2.1
Solla (2015), 2 [53] PD patients, akinetic-rigid subtype HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 long 11 66 17 65 7.9 2.7
Sorensen (2013), 1 [54] association with rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, awake HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 10 63 10 59 na 1.4
Sorensen (2013), 2 [54] association without rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, awake HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 13 61 10 59 na 0.9
Sorensen (2013), 3 [54] association with rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, Non REM HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 10 63 10 59 na 1.4
Sorensen (2013), 4 [54] association without rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, Non REM HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 13 61 10 59 na 0.9
Sorensen (2013), 5 [54] association with rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, REM HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 10 63 10 59 na 1.4
Sorensen (2013), 6 [54] association without rapid-eye movement sleep behavior, REM HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 13 61 10 59 na 0.9
Sriranjini (2011) [55] effect of a single dose L-dopa (before intake) HFms2, HFnu, RMSSD, pNN50 short 11 57 11 55 4.1 2.1
Sumi (2012), 1 [56] effect of deep brain stimulation (before stimulation), off medication HFms2 short 28 62 13 58 22.0 3.9
Sumi (2012), 2 [56] effect of deep brain stimulation (before stimulation), on medication HFms2 short 28 62 13 58 22.0 2.4
Szili-Török (1999), 1 [57] association with baroreflex sensitivity, normal HF (ms/Hz) *, RMSSD, pNN50 short 12 64 18 65 na 2.0
Szili-Török (1999), 2 [57] association with baroreflex sensitivity, impaired HF (ms/Hz) *, RMSSD, pNN50 short 8 67 18 65 na 2.1
Trachani (2012) [58] effect of deep brain stimulation (before stimulation) HFms2 *, HFnu * short 24 62 24 na 12.8 3.1
Valenza (2016) [59] computational assessment of heartbeat dynamics HFms2 short 30 67 29 61 na na
Visanji (2017), 1 [60] PD patients, LRRK2-associated HF (log) *, RMSSD * short 20 64 32 59 11.5 na
Visanji (2017), 2 [60] PD patients, idiopathic HF (log) *, RMSSD * short 26 64 32 59 6.2 na
Walter (2018) [61] association with vagus nerve atrophy RMSSD * short 20 73 20 70 10.1 na
Weise (2015) [62] association with auricular branch of vagus nerve stimulation HF (ln) * short 50 64 50 64 6.4 2.3
Yoon (2016) [63] PD patients, tremor dominant subtype, drug naiv HFms2, RMSSD short 27 64 23 63 1.6 na
Zawadka-Kunikowska (2017), 1 [64] association with peripheral vascular resistance, vasodilation reaction HFms2 short 15 67 47 66 9.0 2.9
Zawadka-Kunikowska (2017), 2 [64] association with peripheral vascular resistance, vasoconstriction reaction HFms2 short 41 69 47 66 6.0 2.0

Values are given as the mean, unless otherwise indicated: #: values are given as the median; na: nonreported data; *: not considered in further analyses because data are not plausible or reported in rarely used units; HC: healthy controls; HF: high-frequency components of the power spectral density; nu: normalized units; PD: Parkinson’s disease; pNN50: number of normal-to-normal intervals differing by more than 50 ms divided by the total number of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval difference.