Figure 1.

Representative schematics of technological advances in microfluidics for tumor-on-chip generation: (a) an agarose microfluidic chip capable of position-dependent distribution of tumor spheroids, with gradient-controlled sizes under a liquid dome (left) and co-culture of a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human dermal fibroblasts (right) (adapted from [25]); (b) an acoustofluidic high-throughput tumor spheroid assembly platform with multiple channels and a reusable surface acoustic wave generator (left), also showing the tumor spheroid formation (right) (adapted from [11]); (c) vasculature of an in vivo tumor (left) and recapitulation of the vascular network for in vitro microfluidic tumor models (right) (adapted from [30]).