Table 2.
Amplitude of waves during treatment sessions and pre- and post-test analyses.
| Amplitude of Waves during Treatment Sessions | Pre- and Post-Test Analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sessions | SMR (µV) | Theta Waves (µV) | Ratio (µV) | Wave (Conditions)/Variables | Pre-Test Mean ± SD |
Post-Test Mean ± SD |
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (p) | d |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||||
| 1 | 5.31 ± 4.94 | 14.86 ± 8.70 | 0.428 ± 0.079 | SMR | ||||
| 2 | 5.92 ± 3.89 | 12.97 ± 8.41 | 0.458 ± 0.094 | A1 | 5.63 ± 3.84 | 7.72 ± 2.45 | <0.001 | 0.773 |
| 3 | 4.77 ± 3.01 | 10.57 ± 6.48 | 0.503 ± 0.114 | A2 | 6.32 ± 1.27 | 7.40 ± 2.59 | 0.007 | 0.529 |
| 4 | 4.60 ± 2.20 | 10.34 ± 4.31 | 0.469 ± 0.135 | A3 | 6.85 ± 2.12 | 7.33 ± 2.38 | 0.026 | 0.213 |
| 5 | 5.29 ± 3.31 | 11.16 ± 8.80 | 0.478 ± 0.102 | A4 | 6.58 ± 2.98 | 6.69 ± 1.49 | 0.272 | 0.047 |
| 6 | 4.96 ± 2.60 | 10.57 ± 5.99 | 0.482 ± 0.116 | Theta wave | ||||
| 7 | 5.74 ± 3.02 | 10.30 ± 6.83 | 0.513 ± 0.129 | A1 | 14.29 ± 8.14 | 9.51 ± 9.34 | <0.001 | 0.546 |
| 8 | 6.50 ± 3.28 | 11.52 ± 7.61 | 0.488 ± 0.106 | A2 | 11.92 ± 8.47 | 9.78 ± 8.71 | 0.026 | 0.286 |
| 9 | 6.95 ± 3.22 | 12.47 ± 7.54 | 0.493 ± 0.111 | A3 | 14.46 ± 7.02 | 10.96 ± 6.04 | 0.019 | 0.534 |
| 10 | 5.64 ± 2.24 | 10.26 ± 3.60 | 0.585 ± 0.208 | A4 | 14.89 ± 7.76 | 12.69 ± 5.53 | <0.001 | 0.327 |
| 11 | 6.04 ± 2.51 | 11.49 ± 5.45 | 0.484 ± 0.101 | Ratio | ||||
| 12 | 6.89 ± 4.82 | 12.15± 2.08 | 0.504 ± 0.114 | A1 | 0.48 ± 0.19 | 0.63 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | 0.832 |
| 13 | 6.06 ± 2.90 | 10.47 ± 4.86 | 0.488 ± 0.103 | A2 | 0.53 ± 0.17 | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.002 | 0.749 |
| 14 | 5.96 ± 3.00 | 11.54 ± 6.77 | 0.473 ± 0.102 | A3 | 0.43 ± 0.21 | 0.55 ± 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.643 |
| 15 | 5.87 ± 2.82 | 9.82 ± 3.69 | 0.513 ± 0.117 | A4 | 0.47 ± 0.18 | 0.45 ± 0.22 | 0.312 | 0.100 |
| 16 | 6.37 ± 2.76 | 10.04 ± 5.37 | 0.557 ± 0.146 | FIQR | 76.70 ± 17.41 | 63.5 ± 9.56 | <0.001 | 0.940 |
| 17 | 5.62 ± 2.28 | 9.46 ± 4.93 | 0.586 ± 0.145 | VAS | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 0.805 |
| 18 | 6.12 ± 2.67 | 9.36 ± 5.10 | 0.603 ± 0.148 | GHQ-28 | 17.4 ± 8.80 | 13.5 ± 5.35 | 0.011 | 0.536 |
| 19 | 6.56 ± 2.33 | 8.98 ± 4.15 | 0.648 ± 0.168 | Somatic | 3.21 ± 1.37 | 2.42 ± 1.05 | 0.002 | 0.659 |
| 20 | 6.46 ± 2.87 | 8.97 ± 4.64 | 0.633 ± 0.133 | Anxiety | 6.08 ± 1.85 | 4.42 ± 1.49 | <0.001 | 0.988 |
| Friedman Test (p) | 0.010 | <0.001 | <0.001 | Social | 6.24 ± 1.04 | 5.36 ± 1.28 | <0.001 | 0.755 |
| Depression | 1.92 ± 0.98 | 1.31 ± 0.73 | <0.001 | 0.706 | ||||
Amplitude of waves during treatment sessions, SMR/theta wave ratio (1–20): Progression of brain waves throughout the intervention of neurofeedback. Pre- and post-test analysis under different conditions (A1, eyes open; A2, eyes closed; A3, sensory attentiveness; A4, cognitive effort) and variables (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised (FIQR), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28)). PRE: pre-test; POST: post-test; p ≤ 0.05; Cohen’s d: effect size.