Table 2.
Mutagenicity of astaxanthin in the Ames test (M ± SD).
| Groups | Dose (μg/plate) | TA97a | TA98 | TA100 | TA102 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | ||
| DG | 5000 | 144.7 ± 15.4 | 140.0 ± 12.1 | 39.3 ± 7.5 | 39.0 ± 7.9 | 166.7 ± 14.6 | 172.0 ± 16.4 | 276.0 ± 17.1 | 273.0 ± 27.5 |
| 1000 | 138.7 ± 14.6 | 145.3 ±11.0 | 38.3 ± 4.7 | 41.7 ± 6.4 | 158.7 ± 16.9 | 161.0 ± 15.0 | 275.3 ± 21.5 | 267.7 ± 20.5 | |
| 200 | 134.7 ± 14.4 | 142.0 ± 12.3 | 41.7 ± 9.1 | 40.0 ± 8.5 | 158.0 ± 19.1 | 161.3 ± 10.0 | 274.7 ± 23.5 | 269.0 ± 22.6 | |
| 40 | 135.7 ± 12.2 | 144.7 ± 17.6 | 41.3 ± 6.5 | 40.3 ± 5.1 | 160.0 ± 17.8 | 167.3 ± 11.4 | 279.0 ± 17.6 | 275.0 ± 21.7 | |
| 8 | 144.7 ± 18.0 | 140.7 ± 17.2 | 42.0 ± 5.6 | 40.0 ± 9.5 | 166.7 ± 18.0 | 161.3 ± 15.5 | 275.0 ± 20.7 | 274.3 ± 20.4 | |
| NG | 136.7 ± 15.5 | 137.3 ±13.0 | 39.3 ± 7.1 | 38.7 ± 8.3 | 160.0 ± 17.4 | 156.7 ± 18.0 | 272.0 ± 16.6 | 280.0 ± 20.3 | |
| SG | 138.3 ±13.2 | 141.0 ± 15.7 | 40.7 ± 5.7 | 41.3 ± 7.4 | 168.0 ± 13.1 | 164.7 ± 19.7 | 269.0 ± 22.5 | 274.3 ± 20.9 | |
| PG | 2800.3 ± 106.5 | 1794.0 ± 62.5 | 3025.0 ± 93.7 | 4944.3 ± 131.6 | 3022.0 ± 209.1 | 2981.0 ± 107.6 | 888.0 ± 35.8 | 906.0 ± 42.9 | |
DG: 5000, 1000, 200, 40 and 8 μg/plate dose groups. NG: negative group without any treatment. SG: solvent group with deionized water. PG: positive control group containing 2-AF (10.0 μg/plate for TA97, TA98, TA100 with S9), 9-fluorenone (0.2 μg/plate for TA97a, TA98 without S9), sodium azide (1.5 μg/plate for TA100 without S9), 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (50.0 μg/plate for TA102 with S9) or mitomycin C (MMC) (0.5 μg/plate for TA102 without S9). These test conditions of the PG were set and implemented in order to confirm the reversion properties of each tested strain, and the efficacy of the metabolic activation system was measured in the presence (+S9) or absence of metabolic activation (−S9).